Human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human rights - Research Paper drillThe essay is about the critical evaluation of the short story of children of the sea by Edwidge Danticat, who was born in 1969 in the Haitis capital. She had the hands on experience of most of the events she mentioned in her different stories. Danticats parents leave her in Haiti four years after her birth and immigrated to USA. She spends 12 years of her life in Port-au-Prince. In 1981, she went to USA. She felt herself like an alien and in order to break her loneliness she started writing. Her writings started from the memories of her homeland i.e. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. By the time she reached her teenage she realized her quality of writing and started to write Novels. Her work was first published in 1994 with the name of Breath, Eyes and Memory. Her parents tried to make her nurse but after her graduation from a change high school she was more inclined towards the writings. Her first published novels i.e. breath, Eyes & Memory, were also serv ed as her skippers dissertations and were highly acclaimed by critics. The acclamation also includes Children of the Sea. It was published in 1995. Her collection of the novels and stories were nominated for the bailiwick Book Award. The following year Edwidge Danticat was named as the best Young American Novelist by the magazine named as Granta. She lives in the New York City and has become the teacher of creative writing (Boynton and Malin).The story is about the gravy boat on which a revolutionary guy who was on a small boat that set canvas for Miami. The newfangled man belonged to Haiti, and he was a university student. Since his university period he became the religionist against the dictator in Haiti. As a result of his revolutionary activities in Haiti against the dictator of the time, the secret police named as Tonton Macoutes raid on his group. The young guy had to be exiled from the Haiti because Haitian Government wanted him. The young man had a girlfriend in his

Description of the company as General Merchandise Store Essay

rendering of the ac conjunction as General Merchandise Store - Essay ExampleThe partnership has also ceremonious a number of supercenters in major cities to meet the increasing demand for one-stop family shopping. These stores combine general production and full groceries ranging from bakery goods, beverages, fresh seafood, fresh farm produce, condiments and spices, frozen foods, canned and packed foods, meat, and dairy products to change goods and staples. Most of these are open 24 and have specialty shops like cell phone store, pharmacy, restaurants, hairsbreadth salon, tire and tube express among others. The neighborhood markets bridge the gap between the supercenters and the discount stores by offer a limited range of general merchandise but a full range of health and beauty products, groceries, pharmaceuticals and photo developing services. The characteristics of the appoint players of a company have the potential of impacting on organizational behavior and this, in t urn, ordain financial performance directly and indirectly. Because of this, there are some characteristics I would like to possess and would like to see them in other key players of the company like the psyche finance officer (CFO) and the chief operations officer (COO). The first is having a vision. each the key players of the company must have a common picture of what the company aims at attaining. Having a vision go away scat to the creation of a company where all employees work toward the attainment of a common goal. All key players should be self-less collaborators and team builders.... Having a vision will lead to the creation of a company where all employees work toward the attainment of a common goal. All key players should be self-less collaborators and team builders. These traits will go a long way into encouraging the spirit and mindset of teamwork and collaboration across the company among all ranks of employees. In relation to this, the key players should have stro ng interpersonal relationships. In businesses, especially retailing, large number skills are as valuable as technical assets because of high levels of constant interpersonal engagement. This characteristic will therefore lead to the creation of a company where employees treat customers with the utmost respect leading to the dress hat customer experience. The key players should also be of good character and highly ethical. This trait will lead to the creation of a company whose policies, procedures and business activities indicate a strict adherence to ethics. In addition, key players should have passion. Both employees and customers want passion if the employees embraced this character, it will lead to the creation of a customer-focused culture where everyone is unbidden to go an extra mile to give customers a passionate shopping experience. Analysis of motiveal theories discussed and termination of how best to motivate company employees. The motivational theories discussed so far indicate a variation in views among psychologists regarding what best motivates workers. To some, workers are best motivated by pay, to others, workers are motivated by satisfaction of their affectionate needs and to some, a satisfaction of psychological needs. However, it would be unfruitful to lay a framework for employee motivation basing on a single factor. For example, a

The Book of Kells and its influence on the State of Arizona Research Paper

The parole of Kells and its influence on the State of Arizona - Research write up ExampleIt contains full pages of extraneous decoration for the canon tables symbols and text of the evangelists Matthew (the Man), Mark (the Lion), Luke (the Calf) and John (the Eagle) the opening speech communication of the Gospels the Virgin and Child a portrait of Christ, and complex narrative scenes such as the early to survive in gospel manuscripts which corresponds the arrest of Christ and his temptation by the Devil. The word Christ has been brief with letters Chi Rho in chivalrous manuscripts and Chi Rho page is the most famous page in medieval art which introduces Matthews account of the nascence. However, the book is not a full copy of the Vulgate and contains a number of variations from the Vulgate and also some uncorrected errors. It is assumed that around 30 folios of the text had been lost in the medieval and early modern periods and some pages are deteriorated.3 According to experts , the handwriting differs throughout the text hence the artwork seemed to have produced by at least three different artists.4 Today the manuscript contains 340 folios with 330 by 250mm dimensions, and scriptures are written with a range of pigments including yellow, red, green, purple and black. The manuscript is believed to have created by Celtic monks in year 800, but the date and origin of the book has been a controversial issue. The widely accepted persuasion is that the text creation might have started at Iona from where it was brought to Abbey of Kells, when Vikings invaded the island of Iona, where the artwork might have been continued to be undertaken. The text was revered at Kells as a souvenir of Saint Columba throughout the medieval periods. The Book of Kells is the considered to be one of the finest manuscripts and described as the chief treasure of the Western world. The narrative of Ulster record stealth of the book in year 1006 and that it discovered again after ma ny years, stark off its ornate gold. Around 1653, the Book of Kells was sent to Dublin, Ireland for safety concerns and after few years it was brought to trine College, Dublin where it has been on display in library over there. The text has been bound in quad volumes, since 1953, of which two volumes can commonly be seen in library, one opened to display a major(ip) decorated page, and the other to show two pages of script.5 A quote of Sir Edward Sullivan demonstrates the concept of how mind-bending the artwork of The Book of Kells The finest draftsmen of the entire world have tried to recreate the Chi-Rho page, and have failed. Anyone in todays modern world could not recreate it as it takes an ineffable artist working in the Middle Ages to create something.6 However, in 1951, the offset printing facsimile of the Book of Kells was produced by a Swiss publisher, Urs Graf Verlag Bern, in black-and-white photographs and color reproductions as well. countenance facsimile in full co lor was produced in 1974 by photographers Thames and Hudson in Dublin, and included all the full page detailed illustrations and also an ornamentation representative section in the manuscript. In the 1980s, Faksimile-Verlag Luzern produced with permission from Trinity College,

Access to care in managed care program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Access to c atomic number 18 in managed care program - Essay ExampleHealthcare supplier office practices determine the level of success that the actual healthcare given achieves. In the paper name Capacity Planning and Management in Hospitals, Green (16) nones that the enormity of the issues behind the pressure from greet attain analysis presses practices to be a one sided affair. The main issues in organization of healthcare institutions include the instauration of competition in the health industry coupled to the reduction of government subsidies. Practices at the healthcare facilities are therefore not only tending towards complete commercialization but also rising cost that the author feels continually impacts in effective reduction in patient access. Without the best approach that is informed of modified management tools to fit in the changing health care sector, practices at the facilities will affect to face hardships in achieving appropriate delivery of healthcare.Alt ernatively, the types of managed care model in which the providers are involved tell the manner in which the delivery of healthcare services is conducted. Several models of managed care programs exist with an implication on the fact that the specialized needs of each attract a certain form of operation that would not operate in a different model setting. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) models include closed in(p) panel, staff model, group model, open panel, Independent Practice Association (IPA), network model, and mixed model (TMCI, 2). separately of these models has inherent requirements that uniquely dictate the order of operations and access for health care by individuals. For instance, when relations with a mental health facility, standard and village settings are differently modeled. The village type has restrictions which may effectively reduce the general access by the public in comparison with the other types of models (TVISA,

Default Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

failure Risk Management - Research Paper ExampleThis probe stresses that businesses are able to reduce different threats that they face from external environment by identifying the assays they face and thus taking steps to mitigate them. One of the major risks faced by financial institutions is the disrespect risk. Default risk is the risk that the firm faces when it is not able to meet the financial obligations when they are due. Default risk is also named as credit risk as the firm does not have the ability to cede off its creditors. However in case of a financial institution like banks, the scenario may be complex, as these banks give loans to different creditors which, in turn, can face default, and this could affect the liquidity position of the banks as they do not have funds according to what they expected and thus can increase the default risk of banks. This essay declares that market risk is the other type of risk faced by the firm, and it is because of fluctuations an d conditions in the market. Market risk could be because of fluctuations in currencies, exchange rates, interest rates, volatility in other markets, and so on that could influence the future cash flows of the firm. It is important for the financial institutions to analyse different market trends and the risks that could arise because of changes in the market and then take actions or steps to minimise the impact of these types of risks accordingly. There are near risks, such as chances in the exchange rate, that cannot be eliminated.

Internet Advertising Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

profits denote - Research newsprint ExampleHe was accused of violating state and federal laws. Even though in the latest settlement, Mr. Richter has denied the allegations, he has agreed to follow the following federal and state laws by pledging not to send spam to anyone and allowed his line of merchandise to be monitored for the next 3 years. Microsoft is investing 6 million dollars in this venture and on anti-spamming efforts in this regard.The case highlights how big a menace to the society, to the digital world the spam basin be. Spam is a menace on the web. It is a moral, social and an ethical wrong. If it falls into the hands of the young generation, then it can spoil them to the point of manipulating their young minds. They can get involved in wrong activities, be used and even go haywire from the direction that their elders have set them for. Sometimes they may seek haunt in all the wrong activities propagated by porn. Thus Spam is a big no. (Internet Advertising shoo ts past estimates, 2006)Excessive marketing serves to manipulate the minds of an individual. It brainwashes them so much so that they are tempted to act accordingly. Internet marketing has both its cons and pros. Internet marketing which is also called web marketing, online marketing, and online marketing is essentially marketing of products and serving on the Internet. With the rapid evolution of the Internet, marketing took on over an all new level. On the positively charged side, Internet Marketing not just became cheaper online but it paved way for newer more innovative avocation prospects in the online world. Today information is distributed across to the global audience at it incredibly low prices and sometimes even free of cost.

Law and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

natural fairness and Morality - Essay ExampleWorking in a assemblage obviously has its advantages and its disadvantages the advantages that you gain from transactions in a ag mathematical collection is that more and more ideas can be floated and formed upon and this was certainly the case with our group entirely(prenominal) mavin contributed to their fullest and the environment was a competitive one where every one wanted to describe their knowledge and use it for the betterment of the team, a fighterprogram from floating of ideas there was also a case of citizenry having superior knowledge than those of the other members of the group and this was certainly put to good use and helped the whole unit. Since we had change integrity the group into stand in groups so that we may work on different topics and perspectives all(prenominal) and every one had different responsibilities but every one felt a divided responsibility towards the group, this helped us vastly in putt ing forward our case because every one had a clear cut objective lens to achieve and there were no ambiguities in any ones goals and hence there were no ambiguities in the results that each and every member of this group achieved. Then there were definitely the problems that one had to face within the group as hearty because there could never be perfect coherence between people when they work in a group because every one has a different take on every notion or topic and every one has a different ways of inferring things from reading material, this obviously created some issues amongst the group initially but were tackled soon after we decided to divide the group into sub groups, one thing should be kept in mind here that although we had divided our selves into sub groups the group worked together, if a group member was to be picked up at random and asked about any part of the debate the member would definitely be able to answer because this whole debate was a well worked out team effort. The other problem that we faced initially was that members had to be convinced that the betterment of the group is in their own interest and hence any information that they come up with should be shared with the group and not hoarded up for individual betterment. Then there was also the issue that some members were reluctant or they didnt have the right chemistry to communicate with each other and the division of the group into sub groups went a long way in removing this barrier in the flow of information flow. Over all the experience of working in a team was a good one because I in person enjoy socializing and getting to know different perspectives and also to interact with people who have a higher knowledge base than yours is an experience altogether where you learn a lot about several(a) topics and how to deal with problems in difficult situations and different conditions.DebateThe theories that we applied for the purpose of this debate were the theories of dworkin and specially the work where he criticized the work of hart on the object lesson implications of law and morality, dworkin states that the moral principles or the moralities that people range so close to them are more often wrong and since the justice system makes use of these moral principles these laws are even some times incorrect based on the biased or disfavour views of the troupe on the whole or a large chunk of the society, therefore if a society views prostitution as malicious then the law should not treat it as unlawful the law should be integral and should not look at it from the

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Health Administarion - Essay ExampleMedical errors can be grouped in to diagnostic errors that include poor medical exam tests, treatment errors that include inappropriate care, medications and crop errors that include poor communication, wrong patient identification, documentation and equipment failures. Medical error is associated with poor training, urgent care, in the buff procedures and complex care. Complicated medical technologies, poor communication and fragmented systems can similarly lead to medical error. Some human factors that lead to medical errors include burnout, depression, and fatigue and time pressures (Kalra, 2011).The initial cadence in responding to medical error is to address the current medical needs of the patient. The physician should immediately address the perverse unanticipated medical outcome by assessing extends of harm and the required medical procedures to reduce the harm (Kalra, 2011).The punt step entails communication of the adverse outcome with the patient or any representatives of the patient like the adjacent relatives. These entail providing information on the causes of the medical error and extend of harm to the patient (Kalra, 2011).The third step is reporting to the appropriate parties and authorities in the health quickness and regulatory agencies. Each health facility should have guidelines on internal reporting of the medical error and steps in reducing that adverse medical outcomes (Kalra, 2011).The fourth step is checking the medical records of the patient. Such medical documentation should be straight and complete. This includes the patient medical condition prior to the medical error, the interventions undertaken to reduce the harm and patient response. The physician should also note the information communicated to the patient after the medical error (Kalra, 2011).The fifth step entails follow ups and observe the changes in

Essay response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response - Essay ExampleMahay analyses the that engine room has played in advancing the message of holiday tease to include social class and shape as well as construct an ideal of what happiness is all about.The author employs professional compend to understand the actual message being carried by the digitally constructed picture shows. She understands very well that such observations were in the past utilize to wish paper an enjoyable or eventful holidays. However, this is no yearlong the case in the technologically advanced world where people view been given much forcefulness to professionally produce their photos. Her analysis leads her to a number of findings among which include how the holiday cards signify status. For example, she notes that a persons status is seen through the cultural and economic capital represented in an selected holiday photo card (Mahay). Many photos on holiday cards show pictures of a family in different places enjoying life with their family members. These cards have certainly become a powerful tool used to express oneself. They are no longer sent to only those people who are far remote from the sender, but also to the persons they meet on a daily basis. For many, the holiday card is the only discourse they have with much of their extended social network (Jenna, 86).It is this simplicity of bringing out the message that captures the readers attention. counterbalance though she applied two methodologies, the qualitative analysis which is reflected in the costly materials, sophisticated designs and modern digital technology, and the quantitative analysis on the displays of these retail websites to gather her information, she only rested on two photo card retail websites. These websites are the Shutterfly and Tiny Prints (Jenna 85). The use of other Medias like the holiday photo card retail shops, magazines and interviews could have given her more support on how the holiday photo card have greatly

Critical Analysis Of Research Paper (Current Practice in Project

Critical analysis Of (Current Practice in Project Managementan existential Study by Diana White & Joyce Fortune) - Research Paper ExampleThe paper was aimed to throw comprehensive return on the causes for difference between the objectives defined by the managerial techniques and the results obtained. For this purpose, the writer focussed this paper on the data and results of a contemporary survey which was plannedto capture the real world experiences of jut out managers aiming at decision out the levelto which those involved in the focussing of projects actually make use of the methods and techniques that are acquirable and how effective the methods and techniques used are felt to be (White & Fortune, 2004).ARTICLES SUMMARYThe paper aimed at explaining the disparity between the objectives and conclusions reported in the contemporary survey planned to observe the real-life active involvement of project managers. The survey was conducted with the help of questionnaires which wer e referred to 995 Project Managers. However, the response rate was mere 23.7%.The chief activity in the questionnaire was the translation of a recent project and the factors influential on its conclusive outcomes. The emphasis was laid on the extremity to which these influential factors modify the project outcomes and the researcher has directed the respondents to relate them with the available tools and techniques used in the methodological analysis for a specific project management.... Articles Summary The paper aimed at explaining the disparity between the objectives and conclusions reported in the contemporary survey planned to observe the real-life active participation of project managers. The survey was conducted with the help of questionnaires which were referred to 995 Project Managers. However, the response rate was mere 23.7%.The chief activity in the questionnaire was the description of a recent project and the factors influential on its conclusive outcomes. The emphasi s was laid on the extent to which these influential factors modify the project outcomes and the researcher has directed the respondents to relate them with the available tools and techniques used in the methodology for a specific project management. The researcher had also asked for the respondents own critical evaluation of the tools and techniques that they had used so far and to relate any limitation that they have to face or any drawback that they noticed for using them. The results of this survey revealed the narrow range of tools and techniques which are frequently and commonly used in the project management including the project management software and Gantt charts. Nearly 50% of the participants testified against these tools and techniques. The results also revealed that the most implied criteria to judge the project winner include three widely used factors time, budget, specifications. Moreover, the suitability between the project and the organization as well as the succe ss of the business also proved to be the determining factors of the project success. Critical Analysis of the Article The overall presentation of the paper is quite impressive as it appears to be quite a critically comprehensive analysis of the survey that was conducted contemporarily to

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Answer question - try out ExampleNonetheless, the relationship between rosaceous and Saba concerning a graphic design desktop computer expenditure 1,500 did not constitute a valid thin. Despite the sellers offer of the item for sale, MacIntyre (2013) would fence that Roses response did not meet the acceptance test. Her counter-offer of 1,000 for the same item was not quick accepted by the seller, thus stripping the agreement of any validity.This case is almost similar to Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 in which the respondent offered a piece of land valued at 1,000 for sale (Elliott, & Quinn, 2014). The plaintiff gave a counter offer of 950 which the seller refused. The plaintiff then snuff itd his acceptance of the initial offer of 1,000, but the seller refused to sell the property to him, prompting the litigation for performance. The court is likely to quest for the precedent set in Hyde where a counter-offer invalidated the contract and stripped the claimant of the rights t o specific performance.The status of contract between Rose and TW depends on whether each party acted reasonably to see its creation. Whereas the two weeks that Rose took to communicate her acceptance of the TW offer was reasonable, it may have been the cause of the subsequent delay, leading TW to revoke the contract. The main jural issue in this case is whether TW made a valid revocation of the offer.The validity of a revocation of an offer principally lies in its communication to the offeree. Rose has grounds against the validity of TWs letter of revocation. Roses claims are backed by the ruling in Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven & Co 1880 5 CPD 344 where the court imposed a ban on revocation of an offer by the postal rule, but allowed acceptance under similar circumstances. As Justice Lindley held in the case, TW would only be deemed as having validly revoked the offer through a direct communication

The Quality in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 52

The case in Healthcare - Essay ExampleThe next step that was considern in assign to crystalise the issue was close monitoring of the emergency department. This was done with the intention of improving the quality of care stipulation to the patients. Another thing was to be get downn care of was the waiting time of the patients and satisfaction of the patients in likeness to the service delivered to them. A benchmark was set up where the timeliness of the treatments and the proportion of return of the patients was to be account within 72 hours.Additional staffs were hired for the emergency department so that the patients coming in could be treated properly and taken care of. Triages were moved out to the waiting area in order to identify and move the serious patients faster. This would in return decrease the waiting time for the emergency patients. The allowance plow was streamlined with help of modern technology such as the installation of wireless computers. This process h elped in giving the information of waiting time to the unregistered patients. The staffs were given proper training to take the accurate and timely decisions.The quality of service plays a major role in any healthcare organization. The patients health and survival is the ultimate goal for all of them (Dixon-Woods, McNicol & Martin, 2012). The measures that were taken to improve the service were logical because the primitive motive was to reduce the patient waiting time and to improve the quality of care. In this respect hiring duplicate staffs and use of advanced technology helped in the decrease of patient waiting time. In addition, the placement of triages in the waiting area ensured that the serious patients were identified and moved in for treatment faster.Quality tools help individuals brood and enhance forms. There are numerous distinctive tools, and the aptitude of quality experts lies in their capability to take an application from one field or industry.

Human-Computer Interaction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human-Computer Interaction - Research Paper usageBack in the 80s, when human-computer ports were born, the factors of ergonomics and user-friendly design were mostly ignored, which led to dissatisfied users and imperil the life of the interface. But as the computer software and hardware industry developed, so did the methods of paygrade of these products. The maturation and innovation in computer systems, may it be software or hardware, requires constant usability examination and interface modifications. This technique is used to evaluation a product by testing it on users. This is inarguably an irre drawable testing practice since it gives a direct input on how users use the system (Nielsen, J.,1994). These modifications need to take place constantly thorough the development cycle of a particular software or hardware. Various methods peck be employed in order to test and appreciate a particular computer interface in development. . A. USER-BASED TECHNIQUES An array of techniq ues is available for evaluating the usability of a particular interface. Overall, these techniques can be classified in the spare-time activity categories 1. User-Based The user-based method, as the name implies, takes real users as a testing medium. This method yields the most reliable and valid results as it directly analysis the feedback from the user. In this technique, a stem of users are provided with the test interface in a defined environment or out in the field. They interaction with the interface is closely discovered with emphasis on how they use that particular software or hardware to complete their task. Speed is in like manner one of the primary gauges. After the task is complete, users are therefore interviewed and are asked to describe their own sire and perception of the interface. Thus, using this data and feedback, the interface can be further improved which will at long last improve the satisfaction level of the user. The user-based evaluation procedure is usually video recorded and analyzed later. However, this evaluation can also be in the form of a joint interaction between the user, the justice and the interface under evaluation. This enables the evaluator to get a more hands-on feedback from the user. Ideally, a large group of users would provide a more concrete feedback, but this is not always logistically possible. As a result, there is a considerable interest among HCI professionals in how to get the best feedback from the smallest focus group. While popular myths outlive about being able to determine a majority of problems with only 2 or 3 users, it is believed that a sample size requirement is largely dependent on the type of errors one seeks to identify and their relative probability of occurrence. Whereas 3 users might identify many problems in a new application, substantially more users will be required to tease out the remaining problems in a get on with or revised product (Lewis 1994). 2. Expert-Based Once again, as the name suggests, an expert-based evaluation is when an HCI expert evaluates the application in order to determine and forecast its usability in the hands of the user. Obviously, this method is far more cost economic and quick as compared to the user-based evaluation as it does not involve hiring a focus group and then analyzing their feedback. In HCI, two common expert-based usability evaluation methods are trial-and-error evaluation (e.g., Nielsen, 1994), and Cognitive Walkthrough (Wharton et al, 1994). In the Heuristic method, the evaluator is provided with a simple checklist made according to a set guideline which he uses to evaluate the application step by step. Any incompliancy of the application with respect to the list is treated as a problem. In the Cognitive Walkthr

The Effect of Workplace Conflicts on Productivity Essay

The Effect of Workplace Conflicts on Productivity - Essay ExampleLabour is one of the crucial elements of production, providing the necessary link between the bare materials, other factors of production, and the final products, their distribution and delivery to the final consumer. In simple terms, labour, otherwise known as trifleforce, comprises of entirely the various players including employees, their employers, managers, self-employed people, and in a sense, the unemployed population capable of providing labour (Reddy, 2004 27). though different situations have been taken, the argument that conflict in the workplace, in any of its masterminds, is non an important breastwork to productivity nor is it an interesting topic for economic theory can be challenged. In several dimensions, work place conflicts have become normalities and facts of life. Diversity of opinions, which issuings from increasing labour in a workplace panorama has put forwardd to different goals and o bjectives, which conflict in one way or the other. It can be argued from theoretical perspective that though perceived negatively, conflicts in workplace are not at all times a negative thing. For as long as resolutions are effectively executed, chances of both personal and professional maturation in the organization within which the conflicts exist can be promoted. However, management failure and evident cut back productivity have become the most common outcomes once an organization is faced by conflicts (Gramberg, 200668). umteen of the factors that cause these conflicts are developed from within the organization. Through publications, several factors have been noted as the karyon contributors of workplace conflicts. For instance, poor wages by employees contributes immensely to these conflicts. Although workers have given their time and labor to contribute to the organizations progress, their efforts have not been reciprocated. As a result, they do not feel motivated. Though scholars believe that the result of reduced motivation is reduced output, which consequently reduce productivity (Maravelas, 200814), the magnitude of the reduced productivity is not in any way negligible hence considered a factor to reduced productivity. Another factor contributing to workplace conflicts and believed to lower productivity is poor working condition. Companies that have recorded continuous ontogeny from time to time have evidenced excellent working conditions, which include insurance and medical care for for all workers. When this covers are provided, workers feel part of the company or organization and feel protected at the same time hence productivity increases through increased individual output (Maravelas, 200869). Within organizations, strong-arm has taken place where by some individuals are considered less than others are. This trend still occurs during making of decisiveness affecting the organizations. Whereby theorists advocate that all workers are involv ed in the process of decision-making, this is not the case. Management makes all the decisions on behalf of other people in the organization, including the decisions that affect the employees. Such a state is a form of bullying hence workers feel that they have been considered inferior and as a result relax in their work hence due to conflicts that result as they fight for their rights. This eventually leads to reduced produc

Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Culture - Essay ExampleThere argon various perspectives that are used in interpreting the organisational culture. Each organisation has its stated approach in interpreting organisational culture. This explains the tenability why there is a discrepancy in the performance of many organisations operating in the equal field. For instance, some organisations fuse organisational culture with other aspects that upgrade its performance. On the other clear, some organisations solely avow on the organisational culture to enhance their performance. As it is explicitly seen, some organisations go forth have an upper hand as compared to other organisations (Levinson, 201015). The first perspective in organisational culture is the scope of maintaining the organisational culture at either durations. In this perspective, an organisation sticks to its intended organisational culture at any times. Though there may be changing times, the organisation will focus on its organisat ional culture through all times. This is mostly make in organisations that have strong organisational cultures that were implemented by the founding fathers. Some of these organisations were formed long time ago with strong organisational cultures that were influential in the success of the organisation. To ensure the organisation keeps improving, the organisation makes the decision that it will stick to the organisational culture as initially stated. To begin with, some organisations stick to their initial organisational culture to enhance uniformity. Uniformity explains the way people in the organisation interact, work and behave. This is a continuous process that does non change through different times. For instance, some organisations have a belief that their behaviour inside and out of doors the organisation will have direct effects on the... The researcher of this essay states that success in any organisation starts with understanding of an organisations culture. Workers an d people that understand the culture of an organisation are well prepared to make effective changes when they are needed. For instance, the organisational culture explains the acceptable behaviour as compulsory by the organisation. As such(prenominal), workers will be observant as they do not want to allow down the organisation. Collective assumption of such will enhance the performance of the organisation as all the workers are in unison. Secondly, organisational culture shows enhanced communication in an organisation. Thirdly, understanding organisational culture shows uniformity and nonionic working. The workers will be in constant communication in achieving the organisations goals and vision. As such they will be working in unison for the success of the organisation. Fourthly, understanding organisational culture ensures workers are cogitate on implementing positive attributes in the organisation. This includes success, service delivery, quality production and uplifting the name if the organisation that were discussed in the essay. Lastly, Understanding organisational culture ensures there is development of peoples experience. In conclusion, organisational culture is a critical aspect that should be given utter consideration. This will be vital in making the developments as required. However, when the organisational culture is not observed, the organisation is not likely to make positive change.

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Business - Essay ExampleIntroduction In the twenty source century, the companies are experiencing unprecedented planetary competition and economic uncertainties along with challenges of managing their favorable responsibilities. As the companies expand their demarcation globally they are facing a number of challenges regarding their human resources and several other issues regarding the conduct of their businesses. homophile resource worry is a key issue for consolidating the business globally as well as maintains a healthy image of the confederacy (Palthe, n.d.) According to Morrison, integration of the nations and the citizen towards a global market opens up opportunities as well as risks for large corporations (Mennen, 2010, p.2). Globalization has also led to a change in the paradigm of how business is conducted globally. The memorial tablets fuddle to take into account various other issues apart from their sales and doing to sustain their profitability. The com panionships image, participation in the stock exchange and taking care of the social responsibilities find high priority in the companys agendas. The three principles of sustainable development of an organization suggest profit, people, and planet. Management of this is a crucial issue for any company as efficient management of all three contributes measurably to the profits for any company. Good social behavior along with respectable corporate has made many of the global companies flourish. 77% of the executives from various corporate have confirmed that lying-in corporate social responsibility programs and good governance practices have benefitted their companies in terms of profit. Corporate loving Responsibility programs of any company have different dimensions. The company has to address the environmental issues like their one C footprint and maintenance of local environment, have proper corporate ethics regarding employees, customers and other stakeholders and product safe ty. CSR as a crucial aspect of corporate management have gained importance in the recent years. Companies that have a good reputation in this regard have outperformed their counterparts that are less reputed. For a company recognitions come in various ways like the Most Admired Company List or the Corporate Citizenship List as well as a rise in profit. The image of the company and the trust it enjoys from the customer helps it develop business for a long period of time. Companies are eager to nail enrolled in the Dow Jones Environmental and Social Criteria. All this is evident of the increasing consciousness among the organizations to reshape their businesses to the new trends and practices of the global businesses. The perception about the responsibility of the business towards the society in terms of human rights, labour standards, environmental concern, and attitude towards corruption has changed over the years due to globalization. This has resulted in the companies addressing the issues and challenges faced by the global businesses. research is being conducted everywhere and new models of businesses are being developed and incorporated by the companies (Palthe, n.d.) We shall try to check out the role of the stock exchanges in the businesses of a company and also the issues regarding the responsible management practices especially the principles lay down by the United Nations Global Compact on responsible manag

Percy Jackson and the Olympians Essay Example for Free

Percy capital of Mississippi and the Olympians EssayThis fiction book takes you on the adventures of the twelve year old Percy Jack male child as he discovers who he really is. Being a demigod, a child of a Greek god and a mortal woman, Percy is in for the ride of his life. Percy Jackson is not what you would consider to be normal aside from having ADHD and dyslexia strange things just search to give-up the ghost to him and no one seems to understand. His last epidemic was while on a field trip to a local art museum in New York his pre-algebra teacher, Mrs. Dodd, attacked him revealing that she was one of three Furies he ended up getting expelled making this the sixth boarding school to kick him out. Now up until recently he believed the legends he heard in his Latin class about the Greek gods were just stories entirely of late he has outgrowthed to reconsider. Sc bed and confused he is sent back to his mom, Sally Jackson, and his step-father, Gabe. Gabe has almodal values h ated Percy and to be completely honest Percy looks at him as a lazy, drunk, gabling mess that has no respect for anyone unless himself, but Percys mom lets Gabe mistreat her saying, he provides for the family Percy its fine.Sensing the confusion and even anger in Percys countenance Sally decides to take him to Long- Island for a three day vacation. The cabin they stay in holds so many memories about Percys father that he asks questions about him even though he already knows the answer. Sally answers.. Cautiously because if Percy found out his father was a Greek god he would get a very big target and for Percys safety she keeps her answers vague. Sally can sense Percy isnt telling her what really happened at school but she doesnt pry she just keeps saying if you call for to talk Im here.After a long day Sally and Percy find their way to bed. Percy, just lying there unable to sleep, starts to wonder what his dad was like, what his best friend Grover is doing, and if he didnt have s uch a terrible step-dad his life would be so much easier. And just when he started to slip off into unconsciousness he heard a very loud banging at the door. Both Sally and Percy awoke with a start who could be at the door in the dead of dark? Sally ran to the door to find Grover Underwood, Percys best friend from Yancy Academy, standing in the rain with a look of fear in his face.At first Percy is ecstatic to see him but soon he realizes that something is very wrong. Grover is a satyr and is very in tune with the Greek god world opposed Percy and was sent to protect Percy. Grover came to warn Sally that the Furies were after Percy and that they had to get Percy to Camp Half-Blood as soon as possible. Sally pushes the boys to the car and drives as fast as she can. Percy having no idea what is going on and so Grover explains where they are going. He says Camp Half- Blood is a camp for kids that are demigods so they can gear wheel and be protected from the monsters of the underworl d.Then as they approach the camp something smashes their car sending them flying by dint of the air the boys and Sally start running for the trees, where just beyond the tree line lays the camp. As the start up the hill a minotaur grabs Sally and squeezes her into a fine gold powder. Distraught Percy charges the minotaur and heads up breaking one of the horns off and the minotaur runs off into the woods while the boys narrowly escape to the camp. With Percy knowing so smallish about his dad he does not know who his father is and stays in the Hermes Cabin, under Luke Castellan.The kids seem nice but Percy really doesnt understand what he is in for. One night they are playing a game of capture the flag when Percy gets wounded. As he is stumbling around he travel in the stream and is instantly healed and green tridents appear above his head, revealing he is the son of Poseidon, the god of the sea. This would be a bad thing if the gods hadnt made an oath to stop having children but the camp cheered and congratulated Percy on this discovery. Now that the camp knew who Percys father was they could better explain who he was and what he was capable of doing.After training for the entire summer Chiron, Percys mentor suggested that Percy should be granted a quest. Percy accepted and chose Grover and Annabeth, a friend he made at camp, to take the journey with him. The quest unavoidable the kids to find the entrance to the Underworld, find Zeuss master bolt and return it before the summer Solstice. The kids encountered monsters, other gods, and the Furies all which seemed to be no challenge for this group of kids which became the best of friends.Now Im not going to tell you the ending of this book because you can read it for yourself but its dreadful how three unlikely eople can come together to achieve great things. This book was very raise once I started reading it, I could not put it down. This book obviously is fiction and is gentle of contradictory to Chris tian beliefs as in more than one God so I wouldnt recommend the book because of that but if you can keep in mind that it is just a reputation it is a extremely exciting book .

Cold War Essay Example for Free

Cold War EssayIn the europiuman field of operations for WWII, the Allied victory and the Axis loss resulted in unprecedented destruction of the economy of the region. The Americans mat up that the joined States had a purpose to work for the revival of the European economy along the lines of political and amicable factors that could allow free countries to emerge (qtd. in May par. 2). The sweep of much(prenominal) a purpose on into a solid commitment was not perceived or hoped for at the outset. In the United States the executive branch (including the State Department) and the US Congress were often at odds close to what to do about the European stinting situation.But there was agreement that the aftermath of WWII must not come to defecate a result in any fashion like the economic conditions that prevailed after WWI (Marshall purpose Par. 7). It was initially felt that the United States involvement in European recovery would not be costly or time consuming. It was thought that Europe and especially the United Kingdom and France with their colonies, could pull themselves back up in short order (Marshall device par. 4). The cold winters after the war did not help the situation.The worst winter in a century was experienced in Europe in 1946-47 (Kunz par. 5). There was high unemployment, nutrient shortages, and strikes. In particular, the food shortages sparked humanitarian and relief efforts among various organizations. The new United Nations sponsored much of this effort and it was around all funded by the United States (Marshall Plan par. 11). Not enough of this was organized well enough or in great enough amounts to do much than to briefly alleviate the problem. American troops in Europe also lent a hand in repair and refugee work.For the long term, the food shortages could be seen to keep on occurring since the traditional source for supplies for Western European had come from Eastern Europe (Judd East-West switch over par. 2). After these win ters of food shortage, it was becoming apparent that a divided Europe was becoming the norm. The awareness of such a division was not generally acknowledged prior to these harsh winters. President Truman entered the United States into more or less bilateral agreements int eradicateing to militarily aid Greece and Turkey.These countries could be seen as being in East Europe. They were facing seditious efforts by communists to take over those countries. For Western Europe, some thought the Morgenthau Plan could be used (Marshall Plan par. 13). This device supposed massive war reparations could be extracted from Germany to restore the countries other than Germany. There was also the Monnet Plan (Marshall Plan par. 13) which proposed more punishment of Germany since France would govern the Ruhr and Saar coal regions for French purposes.On a purely fiscal front the Bretton Woods agreements of 1944 established the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruct ion and study for loans to European nations (Kunz par. 7). The funds made available for these loans were proving to not be of the necessary magnitude. It had been assumed that the international economic system was sound and that an initial infusion of monetary aid would do the trick. But even more was inevitable. The American agricultural production was unimpaired, the level of manufacturing output was unprecedented, and the American gold reserves were safe.An outlet was needed to sustain and use the economic prowess of the American transition from wartime to domestic and foreign consumption. The economic plan for a reconstruction of Western Europe, if needed, could borrow from the New Deal experience as the American solution to the Great Depression had been accomplished. Early in 1947, evidence of a recession brewing in the United States turned some economists attention to a need to assure European purchases of American goods.The Americans did not want to see continued European wartime controls and plans which had placed the idea of a continuance of control and regulation by European governments as conclusive. Many in Europe were looking to the Soviet Unions primal planning controlled by the state. The Soviets were reporting very high growth rates with the prospect of prosperity fair around the corner (DeLong and Eichengreen 11). The Americans had not successfully concluded a war in Europe to end fascist tyranny and oppression only to then see a different brand of tyranny and oppression in its place.This threat was perceived to be the communists, Soviet or otherwise. The Soviet influence was directly felt on Eastern Europe. The American administration felt that, for Western Europe, an economic union would be needed. These nations would have to be on the same page if they were not to go communists or be controlled by communists. Accordingly, on June 5, 1947, Secretary of State Marshall spoke of the need to promote free institutions in Europe through their restoration with American aid (Marshall Plan, par. 15).

Indian & European Relations in the 1600s Essay Example for Free

Indian European Relations in the 1600s EssaySpain in North the States1560s Spanish spread up search for Indian gold. accent on reason their empire from English (who were plundering treasure ships and Caribbean ports) and cut Protestants (who began to settle in Florida though the Spanish had already claimed the land). Spanish establish fort at St. Augustine, Florida (1565) to protect route of the treasure fleet. They also massacre french Protestants. Raids by inherent Ameri give the gates wipe out military outposts and religious missions. 1573 The Comprehensive Order for New Discoveries says that missionaries, non conquistadors, impart to pacify the land. Franciscan friars set up missions in Nuevo Mxico (New Mexico) and attack homegrown Americans. Native Americans do powerd labor. 1680 Pop leads revolt, kills 400 Spaniards and forces remaining 1500 to flee to El Paso, and destroys Spanish missions (Pueblo Revolt of 1680). Spaniards return, Native Americans make a deal that lets them practice their own religion and end forced labor, but they have to religious service the Spaniards. Out beat Spanish fail to convert Native Americans, Santa Fe left vulnerable. In Florida, raids by English leave St. Augustine vulnerable.French in North America1608 First permanent settlement, Quebec, is founded1662 King Louis cardinal turns New France into a royal colony, tries to reach slew to move there. Cannot get enough people. New France give outs an world for trading furs. Rise of the Iroquois French introduce illnesss that kill many a(prenominal) Indians. Indians get guns from fur trade, which leads to war. The Five Iroquois Nations come out on top, have mesh of the fur trade in Quebec (with the French) and New Amsterdam (with the Dutch). French Jesuits try to get through Indian converts. They do not exploit the Indians, and they come to understand their culture. They eventually grow converts by adapting Christianity to the needs of the Indians. Outco me Despite efforts of the Jesuits, French fur trade ca aims devastation through disease and loss of Indian culture. Iroquois warriors kill many, though they too are harmed French burned their villages and killed many warriors in 1666 and again in 1690.Dutch in North AmericaDutch set up a fur-trading post (Fort Orange) along the Hudson River. West India Company has monopoly on the fur. Later, Dutch founded New Amsterdam and made it the gravid of New Netherland. Colony didnt thrive small population made it vulnerable. Fort Orange succeeds as a peaceful and successful fur-trading post. Dutch near New Amsterdam are more rough towards Indians. 1640 war. After the war, West India Company ignores New Netherland, focuses on slave trade. 1664 Dutch fall under control of the English under the Duke of York 1673 Dutch assault momentarily recaptures the colonyEdmund Andros takes control, in retaliation imposes English constabulary and demands allegiance. Outcome Dutch, who had once been domin ant, are now a subject people.Chapter 6 Making warfare and republican Governments (1776-1789)Patriots demand that colonists join Loyalist or Patriot side cannot stay neutral. Patriots have advantage to get hold outers b/c they control local governments. Patriots make army, and Patriots encouraged people to support the army by taking a more active role in govt. Character of politics changes when common people exert influence democratic army launches age of republican revolution.Americans forced to retreat, Britain pushed arse Americans into PA. When winter comes, Britain halts their disturb and Patriots catch them off guard, winning small victories.Armies and StrategiesHowe doesnt want to destroy Americans, just wants them to surrender and compromise. Howe cannot win decisive victory, Washington avoids foiling. Washingtons handicaps Fights only defensively, has unfit recruits, Radical Whig Patriots believe army is bane to liberty.American Victory at SaratogaBritains goal isolat e New EnglandNorths colonial secretary Germains plan attack Albany from 3 sides. Burgoyne, St. Leger, and Howe will attack. Howes distinct plan attack Philadelphia (home of Continental relative), end rebellion w/ single victory. Howe uses his plan slowly. Continental sex act flees to PAs interior. Howes slow attack directly leads to defeat of Burgoynes army. Burgoynes actions fights, then stalls. Americans led by everyday Gates slows Burgoynes progress. Burgoynes army stuck in Saratoga, NY. Beaten back while trying to raid VT. Has troops w/drawn to help Howe. Meanwhile, Gates forces grow. October 1777 Burgoyne forced to surrender. bit point of the war.Social and Financial PerilsBritish naval blockade causes disruption in New England angle industry, and British occupation causes decrease in domestic trade and manufacturing. People move out, decrease in population. Chesapeake colonies blockade cuts tobacco exports. Short supply of goods = army starts getting supplies from the p eople. Women and Household ProductionWomen1 emergence output of homespuns2 Participate in farmworkDespite this, goods remain scarce and prices rise. War also created deprivation, displacement, and death. War divides communities b/c of Patriots violence.Financial CrisisState govts are weak, dont create raw(a) taxes. design of fiat money, Continental Congress and colonies economies crumble.vale ForgeStarvation and sickness for Americans during the winter in Valley Forge, but Baron von Steuben raises morale. Continental army becomes tougher and better disciplined.The Path to Victory, 1778-17831778 Continental Congress allies w/ France. bail gives Continental Congress money, supplies, and later troops. Also confronts Britain w/ international war that challenges domination of Atlantic.The French AllianceAlliance starts w/ secret loan to colonies to avenge Frances loss of Canada to Britain. Later turns into a formal alliance.Negotiating the TreatyAmerican diplomats ensure treaty spec ifies that French support cannot end until the United States is independent. Alliance revives colonies and Continental Congress.The British ResponseWar is becoming unpopular in Britain. Some British support Americans and campaign for domestic reforms. George trio initially committed to crushing rebellion, but after British defeat at Saratoga changes his mind. Tries to prevent American and French alliance (Parliament repeals Tea Act, Prohibitory acts, and renounces right to tax colonies).War in the SouthFrench and Spanish (who joined the war against Britain in 1779) agendas cause British to shift focus of the war to the South.Britains Southern StrategyBritish plan1 Focus on winning tobacco and rice colonies (VA, Carolinas, GA) then rely on local Loyalists to hold them 2 Exploit racial divisions between slaves and Patriot owners get slaves to flee At first, British are winning. however tide turns. Dutch join fight against British. France dispatches troops to AmericaPartisan Warfare in the CarolinasGeneral Green fights in Carolinas. Fighting goes back and forth. Britain is diminished by this war of attrition, and British decide to give up Carolinas to Greene and focus on VA instead.Benedict Arnold and Conflicting LoyaltiesBenedict Arnold switched from American side to British side. Fights for George III in VA.Britain DefeatedWashington and the French fleet surround Cornwallis and his troops on land. Cornwallis is outnumbered, cannot escape by sea. October 1781 Cornwallis surrenders in YorktownThe Patriot AdvantageWhy the Americans win the war1 Some British mistakes2 Widespread Patriots in America3 Many Americans support war through taxes and joining the militia4 Patriots led by experienced politicians5 George WashingtonAmericans refuse to support British army, refuse to accept occupation by Loyalist forces, and endure the inflation caused by the war.Diplomatic endurePeace talks begin in 1782, but French and Spanish stall b/c they still hope for major naval victory or territorial conquest. Ignoring Treaty of Alliance, Americans sign a separate peace w/ the British. September 1783 Treaty of Paris. Great Britain recognizes independence of the colonies.Britain gets1 Canada 2 Rights for merchants to enlist legal claims for prewar debts 3 Americans will encourage state legislatures to return confiscated property to Loyalists and grant them citizenship America gets1 Great Lakes and land east of the Mississippi River2 Fishing rights3 Freedom of soaring on the Mississippi4 British cannot seize property like slaves1783 Treaty of Versailles Britain makes peace w/ France and SpainChapter 10 Creating Republican Institutions, 1776 1787The State Constitutions How Much Democracy?Many states had written state constitutions when the Continental Congress urged them to in 1776.The Rise of Popular Politics, 1820-1829Expansion of the franchise = most democratic symbol of the Democratic Revolution. Gives everyday men more power than anywhere else in t he world.The Decline of the Notables and the Rise of PartiesAmerican Revolution weakened the deferential society, but didnt overthrow it. Wealthy notables still dominated the political system at first. 1810 Struggle to expand suffrage began. State legislatures grant broader voting rights to diffuse criticism and deter migration to the west. The new voters refused to support politicians that flaunted their high social status. Democratic politics is corrupt.Martin Van Buren1 Created political machine, the Albany Regency. 2 Patronage gives government jobs to party members in return for their loyalty. (Spoils system) 3 Insists on party discipline, requires elected officials to live dictates of the party caucus.The Election of 1824Five candidates, all Republicans, campaigned for presidency. Jackson received most popular votes, but Adams won because Clay made a corrupt bargain with Adams, where Clay would vote Adams into presidency if he would become secretary of state.Presidency of John Quincy Adams the last notable presidentSupports American System (protective tariffs, national bank, subsidized interior improvements) Resistance to the American System southerners oppose protective tariffs because they raised(a) the price of manufactures, and smallholders feared powerful banks that could force them into bankruptcy. Politicians oppose American System on constitutional grounds (for example, saying that the national governments income couldnt fund state improvement projects because those projects were the responsibility of the states). Southerners were also angry about the Tariff of 1828, which raised duties on raw materials and textiles. Southerners also dislike Adamss pro-Indian policy.Jacksonian Impact1 Expanded authorization authority of President by identifying it with the voice of the people. 2 Upheld national authority by threatening use of military force, laying foundation for Lincolns later defense of the Union. 3 Reinvigorated Jeffersonian tradition of li mited central government by undermining American System of national banking, protective tariffs, and internal improvements. 4 Undermined constitutional jurisprudence of marshal by appointing Taney as Marshalls successor. Taney partially reversed nationalist and property-rights decisions of Marshall. Example In the case Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Taney says that a charter doesnt necessarily bestow a monopoly, and a legislature could charter competition (in this case, a competing bridge co.) to help the public.This decision directly challenges what Marshall said in the Dartmouth College v. Woodward case, where Marshall stresses the binding nature of a suffer by saying that a state cannot invalidate a contract. Other cases that place limits on Marshalls nationalistic interpretations by enhancing role of state governments Mayor of New York v. Miln (1837) New York state can use police power to inspect health of immigrants. Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky (1837) W hen it issues currency, a bank owned by the Kentucky doesnt violate the provision of the Constitution that prohibits states from issuing bills of credit. As a result of the Taney Courts decisions, the role of state governments in commerce was greatly enhanced. 5 States write new constitutions that extend democracy, many of which introduce classical liberalism (laissez-faire). Laissez-faire says the government role in the economy should be limited.

Role and Functions of Law Essay Example for Free

Role and Functions of Law EssayLaw is enormous and diverse, which makes it overwhelming and confusing. The main purpose of the constabulary is to create order in society and business. Law can be defined as the frame of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to tell a society and to keep back the behavior of its members, so Law is a formal mechanism of social control (Sixth Form Law, 2012, par. 4).The succeeding(a) will describe the function of uprightness and what role it has in society and business in run sub out-of-pocket to looking at how fairness affects a specific industry. Because American police is so diverse, it is small down into several categories. Those categories include Criminal law versus Civil law, Substantive law versus Procedural law, and Public law versus Private law. Please note that these categories atomic number 18 broad, and they are not mutually exclusive. An act or movement can be classified in more than one legal category (Melvin, 2011). First, laws, primarily statutes, are considered to be criminal or polished.Criminal law protects society. It is surrounded by private parties and society. For example, if someone is brought up on murder charges they would be tried in a criminal court of law. Violations of criminal law could egress in penalties of fines or imprisonment to violators if convicted of the crime and proven to have aspirationionally committed the crime. Civil law is between private parties. Civil laws are created to compensate parties who have experienced losses because of the other parties actions. Examples of civil law could be divorce and accidental injury cases. Next are the differences between Substantive law and Procedural law.Substantive law is a statutory law, which deals with the relationship between volume or people and the severalise. Substantive law is used to define, regulate, and create peoples rights and obligations. They deal with the structure and the facts of the case to regard the type of crime and the severity. It also defines the rights and responsibility of the accused. For example, there are several degrees of murder, depending on the circumstances and the intent there are different levels of punishment. On the other hand, Procedural law is a inured of rules that govern the proceedings of criminal lawsuits and civil proceedings.It elaborates on the steps of how the case should proceed as well as assists in determining if the case requires a trial. These laws ensure fair practice and consistency in the due process (Diffen, n. d. ). Last is the summary of Public law and Private law. Public law governs the relationship between individuals and the government. It includes constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Domestic violence is an example of Public law. Private law, also cognize as common law in some countries, governs the relationships between individua ls. It includes civil law, labor law, commercial law, corporations law, and rivalry law.An example of Private law would be a contract for services. If someone renders a service harmonize to the request of the client, but the client is not happy with the results and refuses to pay for this service. This agreement is legally binding and the rules of effect are governed by the common law of contracts (Melvin, 2011). There is much to digest once reading rough the categories of law and to think this is just skimming the surface. In addition to these categories the Congress is given power via the avocation Clause to regulate Commerce among the several domains (Melvin, 2011, p 32).If Congress chooses to regulate certain persons or products, the national law is supreme to the state law that tries to regulate the same persons or products. In the case of Cipollone v. Liggett Group, the state law regulating advertising for tobacco products were preempted by the federal law (Melvin, 2011 ). It is fundamental to know how state and federal laws can affect society and business. One industry, which is under constant scrutiny, is Appraising. Appraising has both state and federal laws to abide with, and they are constantly changing.Appraisers are required to obtain certain standards that are set forth in the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP), which is published by the Appraisal Standards instrument panel of the Appraisal Foundation. If an appraiser fails to comply with these standards there could be punishment of fines, lawsuits, or loss of license. In conclusion, it is important to know the basic roles and functions of law in both society and business even though it is vast and diverse. Laws are needed to create balance and order within society and business, and they can be broken into broad categories to obtain the basic knowledge.

Greenpeace and Politics Essay Example for Free

Greenpeace and Politics Es narrateGreenpeace is an organization which often collides with political relations in countries all over the existence in its attempt to stop things like global warming, de woodation, over angle and to a greater extent than. Greenpeace tries to reach their goals by direct action and lobbying. This is the part where they often collide with the presidencys. My questions intimately this topic are-What conflicts does Greenpeace rich person (or did they sport) with the disposal and corporations in the Netherlands and governments and corporations of otherwise countries in the world? -How exactly does Greenpeace influence governments and corporations? -What influence does Greenpeace have on governments and corporations? I want to answer these questions by initial telling a bit more close to Greenpeace. accordingly I pull up stakes tell about some conflicts which Greenpeace have had and still have with Dutch government and corporations. I am also going to tell how Greenpeace acted in those conflicts and if they reached their goal(s). by telling this, I will have answered the second and third question. I will also tell about some conflicts Greenpeace has with other governments and corporations and how Greenpeace acted there.GreenpeaceGreenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization. It has offices in more than forty countries all over the world. Its international coordinating proboscis is in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Greenpeace states its goal is to ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity. It focuses on worldwide issues such as global warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling and anti-nuclear issues. Greenpeace is known for its direct actions and lobbying to stop or storage area things but also uses research and innovation to achieve its goals. Greenpeace does not accept money from governments, political parties, or companies. It relies on more than 2.9 million individ ual supporters and foundation grants.Greenpeace is a founding member of the INGO Accountability drive an international non-governmental organization that intends to promote accountability and transparency of non-governmental organizations. Greenpeace has been described as the most visible environmental organization in the world. It has raised environmental issues to public knowledge, and influenced both the private and the public sector. Greenpeace has also been a source of controversy its motives and methods have received criticism and the organizations direct actions have led to legal actions against Greenpeace activists.Greenpeace and conflicts with the Dutch government and Dutch corporations In August 2008, Greenpeace threatens the negotiations of the Dutch government and civil society organizations concerning the designation of protect nature reserves in the North Sea. Greenpeace threw large rocks in the Sylter Buitenrif, near the German-Denmark border. Each of the rocks are about cardinal to three tons. Because of the rocks, fishing is impossible in that area because the fishing nets might get aquiline on the rocks, which will be dangerous for the boats.The reason why Greenpeace did this was because the Dutch government was too unwind with the designation of protected nature reserves. In 1995, all EU countries promised they would take protective measures known as Natura 2000, but all North Sea countries, including the Netherlands, took too long to do this and were behind schedule. The Dutch minister of agriculture, minister Verburg, agreed to designate four protected nature areas. Minister Verhagen declared he cherished a second nuclear power plant (NNP) to be built in the Netherlands, one a good deal bigger than the NNP we already have in Borssele. He had already found a solution for the nuclear waste put it nether the ground. According to minister Verhagen, two soil types are suitable for storing nuclear waste, salt domes in the northern Nethe rlands and the Boom clay layer which extends over the Netherlands and a part of Belgium.And since a few months, Dutch Greenpeace activists have been protesting against nuclear energy in the Netherlands. They have been nerve-racking to persuade the cities to say no to nuclear waste storages underneath their city. They did this in several ways, they for example placed warning signs under more than 64 signposts of cities in middle and south Netherlands. Greenpeace activists also visited cities and spoke to councilors and they dumped nuclear waste in several places.By now, more than 75 cities said no to nuclear waste and the energy partnership Delta declared in January to have put the plans for a second NPP on hold. They declared it was not operable anymore to built a second NPP. However, minister Verhagen still wants a second NPP, though he does not seen to get much support anymore In December 2011, Greenpeace campaigned in the harbor of IJmuiden against unwholesome giant ships wh ich was about to set sail to the waters West-Africa. Because of overfishing in the European seas, ships like these now have to go to other seas because they cannot catch enough fish in European seas anymore.The ships against which Greenpeace was campaigning was part of the pelagic Freezer-Trawler Association (PFA). This is a company which is established in the Netherlands and is a partnership of several Dutch fisheries. PFA got more than 142 million euro subsidy from 2006 to 2011 on. the last five years more than 142 million Euros in European subsidies. Subsidies which are paid from tax money paid by European inhabitants.Greenpeace wrote the amount of money which one of the largest fishing ships in the world got on the ship itself. Also, on the 31st of January 2012, Greenpeace anchored one of Europes largest ships to the dockage with steel cables to prevent it from setting sail to fishing waters. The Second Chamber will debate about overcapacity on the 15th of February in the Algem een Overleg.Greenpeace and conflicts with other governments and corporations all over the world Finland, 1995 In June 1955, Greenpeace took a torso from a tree and put it on display at exhibitions in Austria and Germany. They declared that the trunk was from a tree from a superannuated forest in a national park which was supposed to be protected. Metshallitus is a state-owned enterprise in Finland has the tasks of managing most of the protected areas of Finland and to supply wood to the countrys forest industry.They accused Greenpeace of stealth and said the trunk was from a normal tree that had been destroyed during a storm. Greenpeace replied that the tree had fallen deplete because the forest around it had been clear-cut. With this action, Greenpeace wanted to highlight the fate of old forests, and they did, because the incident received publicity in some large Finish newspapers.Great Britain, 2008On the 11th of September, 2008, six Greenpeace activists were acquitted in a ca se started by energy company E.ON. The activists were protesting against the emission of CO and the construction of a new coal plant in Kent. They climbed the chimney of an existing plant and wanted to write the text Gordon, bin it on the chimney. However, they were stopped after they had written Gordon. E.ON wanted the activists to pay the damage costs of 35,000 but the judge distinguishable that the damage to the environment through with(p) by the coal plant was many times bigger than the activists graffiti.France, 1985The first ship of Greenpeace was the Rainbow Warrior, a 40 meter long former fishing trawler. From 1978 to 1985 on, it was used as a ship to prevent whale hunting, ocean-dumping of toxic and radioactive waste, seal hunting and nuclear testing. In 1985, the Rainbow Warrior was to atomic number 82 a fleet of protest vessels into the waters surrounding a cut nuclear testing site. The cut government secretly bombed the ship in the Auckland harbor, new-made Zeala nd. The bombings killed a Dutch freelance photographer. At first, the French government denied they had bombed the ship, but in the end they were exposed by the New Zealand police. They agreed to pay New Zealand a compensation of 13 million New Zealand Dollar. They also paid 2.3 million French francs to the family of the photographer.Liberia, Greece, 2002In 2002, Greek, German and Swiss activists boarded the vessel MV Zini in the port of Kalamaki. The vessel was there to unload logs which it had picked up at the Liberian port of Buchanan. That port is largely controlled by the logging company Oriental pure tone Company (OTC). OTC is run by a close business associate of the President of Liberia, who has give the logging rights to at least one third of Liberias remaining 4.8 million hectares of ancient forest to the company. Liberias forests contain enormous biodiversity, but its timber industry is fuelling both environmental destruction and human rights abuses.The Greenpeace activi sts spruced up like animals, the same animals that are being wiped out around the world through the destruction of ancient forests. In reaction to the Greenpeace action, the Greek ministry of environment joined other European nations in committing itself to keep a very clear and strong position for the protection and sustainable management of the last ancient forests of the world and they made promises to take action against forest destruction.Japan, 2008In June 2008, the Japanese police arrested two Greenpeace activists for stealing a box which was supposed to be full of cardboard, but which was in fact filled with whale meat. The two activists presented this box as evidence to the Public Prosecutor in Tokyo of wide-scale corruption at the shopping center of the government-sponsored whaling operation in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. There has been an investigation, but according to the Tokyo order Prosecutor Office, it has been unable to find evidence of the embezzlement. The investigation into crew and whaling officials has stopped.After their arrest, the two Greenpeace activists, known as the Tokyo Two, have been held without charge for some time. In that time, more than 170.000 people have done a cyber action, and a quarter million people sent a mail to the Japanese government to demand their release. The Tokyo Two have been handed a one year suspended prison house sentence last year September, despite of the world wide protests against the unjust sentence. Although they are now in prison, they did manage to put whaling successfully on trial, both in court, and in Japans national media.Switzerland, 2010, Other European countriesIn 2010, the Swiss Parliament extended its ban on the cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) plants for three more years. Switzerland will now stay free of GE plants until at least 2013. The original moratorium was backed by Swiss voters in a referendum 5 years ago. Supporters of the ban included farmers, who were conce rned about the impacts of GE crops on organic produce as GE crops pose unpredictable risks to human and animal health. The Swiss Greenpeace office has been supporting these farmers and Swiss consumers to ensure the country remains GE-free.The EU Commission President Barroso is trying to force GE crops into the EU and to bypass standard authorisation procedures. However, this approval has met many criticism and opposition. The governments of Greece, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Hungary and France have all publicly announced that they will not allow GE potato crops grown in their countries. Six other EU countries, Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary and Luxembourg have bans on GE maize cultivation.I hoped I was able to give an idea of the conflicts Greenpeace gets into with governments and corporations all over the world. Of course, what I told is only a fraction of the actions Greenpeace does and the conflicts and problems they toss into when campaigning but had I told about th em all, or even half of them, I could have act for a very long time. And of course, Greenpeace does not always get into conflict with governments or big corporations, sometimes they only get into conflict with small companies or a small group of people.

Conflict between Free

Conflict amid Freewill and Fate EssaySophocles lived in the 5th Century BC, arguably the age at which the Greeks started challenge the validity of their Gods and Religious beliefs. As a playwright and as a keen social commentator (he is credited with winning the maximum number of awards for his plays during his lifetime among his contemporaries), Sophocles dexterity drop felt an obligation to show that Fate and Gods were what guided the human life. A healthy respect for Fate was required to accept lifespan in its entirety. The underlying concept of the story of Oedipus Rex is the all encompassing power of coincidences.One might necessitate to call it Fate or a deterministic Universe. For Sophocles and all his enunciateers, it is the amazing possibility of symmetry in events. What is Free Will? Freewill is the ability to compress independent decisions, and it also includes a deep root desire to counter whatsoever attempt to predetermine future. Freewill always tends to adopt measures to break turn from whatsoever prediction. This tendency to try and break away from all foregone conclusion has been the chief motif for progress. precisely, in the limited context of Oedipus Rex, predictions, instigate the voluntary to try and rebel. Prominent prove of this struggle from Oedipus Rex An prophet Once came to Laius (I will non say Twas from the Delphic god himself, simply from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To determination by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. (lines 713-715) Jocasta and Laius were forewarned through a Prophecy that a son born through their union shall slay Laius.But this only take them to banish the child to be killed in the hope that the prophecy is belied. At the same time, the prophecy to Laius and Jocasta was non complete it did non talk ab disclose the incestuous descent their son would film with his mother. Apollo sent me derriere Baulked of the knowledge that I came to se ek. But other grievous things he prophesied, Woes, lamentations, mourning, portents dire To wit I should defame my mothers bed And raise up seed too loathsome to behold, And slay the father from whose loins I sprang.(lines 816-821) Thus was Oedipus forewarned. He had gone to the Oracle to find out if there was every truth in the scandal that was spreading in Corinth that he was non the son of the king Polybus of Corinth. Instead of giving him any clarity on his confusion, the oracle wad him on the course of his life that would fulfill the prophecy. When he learnt that he shall commit murder of his father and incest on is mother, Oedipus was still under the impression that Polybus and Dorian were his p atomic number 18nts.To rid of any such possibility in his life, Oedipus decided to leave Corinth and that journey (prompted wholly by the prophecy) actually set him on the path to his destiny A self fulfilling prophecy. These two ar the or so important manifestations of forfe itwill trying to rebel against a rarely revealed future events of fate. When it is prophesied that certain events of great magnitude or wicked impact are about to happen in the future, it is the absolute temperament of the freewill to try and negate it. Arguments suggesting that Sophocles does non support the supremacy of Fate over Free will Eminent scholar E. R.Dodds in his misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex criticizes the most significant ways of understanding Oedipus Rex. His most important grouse is that the scholars and students a akin release prey to viewing Sophocles work through the prisms of philosophical thought processes which were non-existent during Sophocles time. Besides, the student community that studies Oedipus Rex tries to ascribe demand where none might have been have in minded. Point wise rebuttal to Doddss grounds Dodds. In his scholarly abbreviation of the popular misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex puts forth the following points in defense of his arguments . Sophocles does non intend Oedipus to be a villainous person being punished by Gods for his evil thoughts and actions. Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be the warning Greek sad hero, whose one tragic flaw creates all the tragic consequences in the drama. Sophocles does not intend to state that there is no scope for free will and that the Fate reigns supreme. The first point of the argument is valid as Sophocles designs the character of Oedipus as heroic and it is prominently mentioned in most conversations of the stand completely characters and the chorus.His valor, his compassion and his ability to seek truth even if it be detrimental to his own self are heroic characteristics designed to evoke a mixture of admiration for his strength of character and sympathy for the travails he undergoes. The chorus sing the virtues of the king in unequivocal terms and all the incidents that lead to the story of Oedipus Rex constitute his character as admirable, if not entirely beyond reproach. (his suspicion of his brother-in-law might be a lapse, but not a flaw of character) Upraise, O chief of men, upraise our State Look to thy laurels for thy preparation of yoreOur countrys savior thou art justly hailed(lines 53-55) Tragic Flaw While trying to relieve Oedipus of the tragic flaw, Dodds tries to reason that the concept of hamartia led by hubris is not evident in the Sophoclean hero. It can be argued that poeticals of Aristotle was a guiding light to playwrights and was a great contributor in shaping Greek literature. But it was within the capacity of the playwrights, creative geniuses all, to reinterpret the laws or rules of Poetics to further their own literary achievements. Even eyepatch adding his own interpretation to the concept of tragic flaw, Sophocles remains loyal to the concept per se.The tragic flaw of Oedipus might have been the fact that even when he was forewarned of a future in which his life shall harbor aberrations that the pictorial unive rse abhors, he had the courage to try and empty it. A lesser man would have hid puke the inevitability of Fate or made such drastic changes to his won character as to avoid any such possibility. As Dodds suggests, some of the readers of Oedipus wonder why Oedipus did not give up struggle (even in self defense) against people older than him or in engaging in physical relationship with women older than him.Dodds answers saying that we are not to question what is not in the play. In fact, this might be the tragic flaw of the protagonist. Even after he is warned of the possibility of patricide and incest, Oedipus does not leave behind his unadulterated qualities of valor (which leads him to kill Laius) and compassion (which leads him to free Crete from the songstress and take Jocasta as his wife). His sense of righteousness makes him leave Corinth to avoid patricide and incest as he believes Polybus and Dorian to be his parents.This flight is in the strongly held belief that he dete sts the supernatural acts of patricide and incest and it is within his capacity to avoid them by charting his own course and at the same time retaining his primary(a) character traits of compassion and courage in the face of adversity. Dodds stresses his argument that Sophocles does not intend to make any statement on the finality of Fate and he bases it on two points. Sophocles is not the victim of any knowledge of determinism which was a later stage philosophical development largely credited to the Kantian determinism. Sophocles does not intend to preach the supremacy of fate because most incidents of the Play are a result of the puzzle out of Free will. Sophocles might not have been privy to the philosophical leanings of the determinism of the late 18th and early nineteenth century. But that does not exclude the gamut of his knowledge from knowing anything of that. In fact philosophical treatises have been, for the most part, clarified pronunciations of the existing thought d erived through scientific observation.Determinism as a clear treatise might not have been available to the Greek playwrights but the concepts of a superior design to life which has the power to put back human interventions has always caught the fascination of creative contributors as evidenced from the earliest forms of literature. The French concept of Poetic justice or the Christian concepts of adequate justice have been used in works introductory than these periods but they have been recognized and grouped only in the last four to five centuries.It is not that the critics are viewing the older works through newer prisms but the scholars are able to identify the evidence of such concepts even in earlier works. This is intellectually honest analysis and it is hard to understand why Dodd argues them to be invalid. For instance, if Pasteur discovered germ theory of disease in the early part of the 19th century, why is it not valid to find that similar germs or micro-organisms were cited in the out break of any transmissible disease in the previous centuries. The scientists and philosophers in both cases have only discovered what was either already existent or known in some different form.Therefore, it seems invalid to argue that Sophocles might not have had the supremacy of Fate or determinism in mind when he crafted the symmetrical cycle of events in Oedipus Rex. Dodds says that Oedipus Rex is a manifestation of Free will. In his own words, Oedipus might have left the plague to take its course but pity for the sufferings of his people compelled him to consult Delphi. When Apollos word came back, he might still have left the murder of Laius uninvestigated but piety and justice required him to act.He need not have forced the truth from the reluctant Theban herdsman but because he cannot rest content with a lie, he must tear away the last veil from the illusion in which he has lived so long. Teiresias, Jocasta, the herdsman, each in turn tries to stop him, but in vain he must read the last riddle, the riddle of his own life. The immediate cause of Oedipuss ruin is not Fate or the godsno oracle said that he must discover the truthand still less does it lie in his own weakness what causes his ruin is his own strength and courage, his loyalty to Thebes, and his loyalty to the truth.In all this we are to see him as a free agent hence the suppression of the hereditary curse. And his self-mutilation and self-banishment are equally free acts of choice. (Dodds 1985, p71) But these are not manifestations of free will but the struggle of free will against an all powerful fate. All the attempts made by the wise and virtuous Oedipus to avoid the aberrations of nature at his won hand are defeated partly by design and partly by curious coincidences. ConclusionAristotles Poetics suggests that Greek drama is not pure entertainment. It had a communal function to contribute to the development of the community. It is easy to believe that Sophocles was a st rict adherent to this principle because he won the most competitions during his lifetime compared to any of his contemporaries. His dramas were popular with both the entertainment-seeking public and the critics. Therefore it is safe to assume that Sophocles tries to depict the depravity of the acts of Patricide and incest through Oedipus.The message that resonates is that if a man of great wisdom, courage and all admirable qualities like Oedipus can fall prey to the hands of fate and commit the most heinous of acts, it is but the concern of the wider public to guard against any temptations that might make them break the natural or communal law. Besides, if Oedipus could not over come his guilt even after trying his entire life to avoid such acts and if the guilt is so all consuming that he blinds himself and seeks exile, it is better for the normal man to watch out for any of these sins.The all-consuming guilt is so over powering that no man can remain nonchalant after committing any of these crimes knowingly or unwittingly. A good moral for a drama that retains its mystique and appeal repayable to its craftiness and perfect symmetry in the cycle of events References Dodds. E. R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief And Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York Oxford University Press (Translated by Malcolm Heath). Aristotle. 1996. Poetics. London Penguin Classics

Of Mice and Men Chapter 2 Analysis Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Chapter 2 Analysis probeThe purpose of my search is to look at how Slim is presented as a threat to George and Lennie later on in the novel Of Mice and Men.The first time that we meet Slim in the novel is on rascal 34. Steinbeck goes into a very detailed description of him, describing him in a beautiful manner, and then the first occasion that we hear from Slim is Brightern a bitch outside. All throughout the novel, George has been telling Lennie not to trust anyone, dont palaver to anybody, you cant trust them. Yet when George first meets Slim, there very first conversation is a philosophical one. They talk about traveling, and more specifically traveling together.George says its nicer to travel with a friend, which could foreshadow a exposure on his part. George is already trusting Slim too much, he has only moreover met him, he shouldnt be so trusting of Slim. Even though Slim seems to be a gentle and kind person, George has just met him and should not be so trusting. George is beginning to contradict himself and what he told Lennie, not only by organism so trusting of Slim, but he told Slim that he was his friend. Yet he told the boss that Lennie was his friend.This essay has looked at how Slim can possibly present a threat to George and Lennie in the novel.

Mary Schapiro and Leadership Essay Example for Free

bloody shame Schapiro and Leadership EssayIn her role at the endorsement, Mary Schapiro was known as one of the worlds just about military unitful female regulators. She was named chair in the midst of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. As chairman, she gartered uphold and revitalize the deputation by everyplaceseeing a more(prenominal) rigorous en crusadement program and shaping modern rules for surround Street. During her tenure, the agencys work baron brought about a record number of enforcement exploits and handd significant regulatory reform to cherish investors. Schapiro leaves behind an agency that has regained its footing, stature, and morale following desultory leadership under its previous two chairmen and its embarrassing lack of action preceding the financial crisis. Under Schapiro, the second gear, which is usu whollyy thought to be the most owing(p) and consequential financial regulatory body in the country, brought a huge nu mber of enforcement actions against financial institutions. Her occupancy was to assess what went wrong and to en for sure it didnt happen again. During four years as sec chairman, Schapiro presided oer one of the busiest rule-making agendas in the unsweets history, during which the agency also brought a record number of enforcement actions, and executed a comprehensive restructuring program to improve protective coverings for investors. Upon her departure, President Obama praised her leadership, saying the due south became stronger and the financial system safer and better able to coiffure the American commonwealth-thanks in considerable part to Schapiros hard work.Change ManagementChange management is knowing to ensure the effective transition of an organisation and its people from the current to future states, and in so doing corroborate the realisation of art benefits. In the context of outline, it is the realisation of the strategic plan. Change management is about efficaciously leading and managing individuals, teams, and the organisation to no-hitly adopt the removes necessityed to achieve required or desired business results.Success in Organisational Change Follows Recognisable Patterns Kotters 8 StepsHarvard Business School professor John Kotter is well known for identifying a pattern for leading successful organizational miscellanea. Yet, we cannot be sure that the President, members of Congress, and key Federal Reserve, Departmentof the Treasury, and SEC personnel (including president Schapiro) argon familiar with this work and with other(a) similar guidance from modify leadership literature. And even if some or all of the tilt agents impacting a restructuring of the SEC are familiar with this work, it is un slip away whether any of those transmute agents are consciously using this development and incorporating useful elements from Kotters books into the SEC reorganization process. Studies of organizational swap keep ba ck shed significant light on the elements of a successful reform effort. Leaders effectuating reform at the SEC do not put on to reinvent the wheel as they initiate, manage, and institutionalize organizational change. Kotters model is organized into eight stages designed to carry on eight observed mis educates made in efforts for organizational change establishing a sense of urgency creating the manoeuvre coalition developing a vision and outline communicating the change vision empowering broad-based action generating shortsighted wins consolidating gains and producing more change and anchoring new approaches in the culture.Each stage has identifiable characteristics.1. Establishing a Sense of goadVisible crises can be enormously helpful in catching peoples attention and pushing up urgency levels. To be sure, the SEC has experienced visible crises over the ult few years. Admissions of significant failures at the SEC extend back over more than two years time and cover twofol d areas of SEC operations. The natural superiority of the U.S. model for securities regulation is no longer an article of faith, and the credibility of the SEC as a financial regulator has never been lower. although the SEC has long been the crown jewel of the financial regulatory infrastructure, recent developments acquire called that characterization into motion. The SEC has been the target of relentless criticism ranging from claims that it mishandled derivatives regulation, oversight of securities firms, and grocery risk, to assertions of delays and blunders and possible industry capture at the Division of Enforcement. These criticisms followed the Treasury Departments Blueprint of Financial Regulation-released in parade 2008-that criticized the SECs approach to regulation as obsolete and proposed a plan of regulatory consolidation that would effectively lead to the agencysdemise. Most recently, the revelation that the SEC failed to discover a $50 billion Ponzi scheme at Mad off investment funds Securities, despite having received allegations of wrongdoing for over a decade, suggests fundamental weaknesses in its core enforcement operations.To be successful at organizational change, however, a change leader moldiness use the crisis to shake up the organization. This requires that the change leader remove sources of complacency or minimize their impact and take actions that are bold or even risky. Kotter uses the concept of fire in a structure as a proxy for crisis in an organization, writing that conducting business as usual is very difficult if the building seems to be on fire.Interestingly, professorship Schapiro invoked fire imagery in comments to reporters as she made changes to SEC operations shortly after fetching office. Moreover, in a recent speech, Chairman Schapiro noted the rapid pace of change at the SEC over the preceding year I know that change is hard because within our agency we extradite been engaged in some of the most significant change in decades. When I arrived at the agency last January, we began a process of assessing our operations and determined we could do better. We determined that we conducted to change. And that is the path we have chosen. The personnel changes instituted at the SEC whitethorn be seen as examples of sweeping change. The discomfort and discontent of the SEC faculty in response to the personnel changes whitethorn be evidence of the brash nature of these personnel changes. Kotters work predicts this kind of reaction. He notes that bold moves that reduce complacency tend to increase conflict and to crap anxiety, at least at first.2. Creating the Guiding CoalitionLeading change is not a lone(a) task. Because major change is so difficult to accomplish, a powerful force is required to sustain the process. No one individual, not even a monarch-like CEO, is ever able to develop the practiced vision, communicate it to boastful numbers of people, eliminate all the key obstacles, generat e short-term wins, lead and manage dozens of change projects, and anchor new approaches deep in the organizations culture. Instead, what is required is a strong leadership team-a team with the unspoilt com beat and sufficient impudence among members. In terms of composition,four key characteristics are important position power- the entire group who will be charged with making progress in areas of needed change, expertise, credibility, and leadership. boldness is borne of activities that create . . . mutual understanding, respect, and caring. Trust is important because it can lead to the effective creation of a gross goal or shared objective. Chairman Schapiro has changed the leadership team at the SEC. We must question, however, whether the team has the right characteristics and the requisite trust. Certainly, the credentials of the SEC Commissioners are quite impressive in terms of expertise, credibility, and leadership skills. Chairman Schapiro has put a premium on attracting to the SEC people with an expansive set of experiences and skills. Moreover, the published remarks of new leaders in the Division of Enforcement-people with position power-are impressive in their indication of a collective change momentum. impudently leaders continue to emerge, making the membership of the guide coalition unsettled and unclear. The executives who ignited the transformations from pricy to great did not first figure out where to drive the bus and past get people to take it there. No, they first got the right people on the bus (and the wrong people off the bus) and then figured out where to drive it. In general, public information sources are not detailed plentiful to enable a comprehensive assessment of the suitability of the composition of Chairman Schapiros steer coalition. For example, according to Kotter, you need both management and leadership skills on the guiding coalition, and they must work in tandem, teamwork style.He offers matrices that illustrate opt imum compositions. Publicly available information does not enable us to determine whether or not the SEC guiding coalition has the optimal balance of management and leadership skills. Only as the exact identity operator of the leadership team emerges and the team takes concerted and coordinated action will we be able to pass judgment its composition. As difficult as it is for us to appraise the teams composition, it is more difficult for us to assess whether the guiding coalition has the required trust. Although I have not found evidence that ostensible members of the SEC guiding coalition have engaged in team-building exercises or attended a retreat at which intra-group trust may have been engendered, the SECs recent self-assessment may be a sign that mutual trust is universe promoted throughout the agency. As new people are identified for inclusion on thechange leadership team, they will need to be effectively brought into the circle of trust.3. Developing a Vision and Strategy To achieve successful organizational change, a leader needs to have both vision and a strategy to implement that vision. Vision refers to a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit input on why people should strive to create that future. Vision serves to channel change in a particular direction and incentivizes and coordinates change in that direction. Chairman Schapiro seems to understand this aspect of change leadership, and she also seems to be incorporating it into the SECs operations. Her vision for a reformed SEC refocuses the SECs activities on one of the key policy underpinnings of the federal securities laws investor protection Another lesson I have learned is to have a vision about where you want to take your organization and stick to your principles in getting there. Principles are not ideologies. They are different. Maybe its a question of degree. Maybe to some its semantics. But as I see it, unlike ideologies, principles dont seem to demand a particular ans wer to every problem that emerges.Weve seen how strict adherence to ideology played out over the last decade in the financial arena. Free market ideology together with rapidly ever-changing technology, globalization and many other accidental causes led too many of us to forget hard-learned lessons from past crises and abandon basic common sense. Principles, on the other hand, help frame a question, an issue or a problem. Having a principle might highlight tensions and trade-offs of particular choices, but rarely do they force you to choose mingled with a upright solution and a worldview. For me at the SEC, my main principle is place investors first. And, I try to stay focused on that every day. And the goal is to build an SEC that is deeply expert, nimble, and aggressive-that gives investors confidence. In fact, as Bob Glauber can attest, I have a sign posted on my door that says How does it help investors? Its a simple question, but it guides all that I do at the SEC. And, all t hose who enter my office understand that is the prism through which we will consider all issues. It doesnt necessarily visit the outcome of every issue that landson my desk-because there are many solutions to any problem that could advocate investors. But, the principle helps to shape our thinking and steers us in the right path. Vision is implemented through strategy. Without vision, strategy making can be a much more contentious activity. Even more so, without good vision, a clever strategy or a logical plan can rarely revolutionise the kind of action needed to produce major change. Chairman Schapiros vision has guided geomorphologic and usable change at the SEC as well as substantive rulemaking. Some credit her all the way conceived vision and the related rapidly employed strategy for saving the SEC from more significant structural or functional change.4. Communicating the Change VisionAccording to Kotter, the larger the audience for the change vision, the more powerful it may be. A great vision can serve a useful pattern even if it is understood by just a few key people. But the real power of a vision is unleashed except when most of those involved in an enterprise or activity have a common understanding of its goals and direction. That shared sense of a desirable future can help motivate and coordinate the kinds of actions that create transformations. A leader must be careful to communicate the change vision broadly, frequently (repeatedly), and consistently. The message conveying the vision must be direct, clear, simple, and geared to its targeted audiences. Metaphors, analogies, examples, and florid prose may be helpful in this regard. The means of conveying the message should be varied oral and written, large forum and small group, and through words and actions. Finally, to ensure understanding, the communication of the vision should be a nonpartizan street, involving both give and take as well as conveying and listening. Chairman Schapiro has engaged in significant public speaking in which she has on a regular basis and repeatedly informed and reminded the SEC staff and confused elements of the public about the SECs recommitment to investor protection and the linkage of that vision to structural and operable changes at the SEC. Chairman Schapiro regularly appeared before congressional committees and subcommittees, and she has communicated her vision in these arenas as well. She used memorable analogies, examples, and words to convey the SECs organizational change message. Evidencing an appreciation for two-way communication, soon afterher appointment, Chairman Schapiro took action in response to staff suggestions that enforcement efforts against corporate violators of the securities laws were too difficult. Moreover, the self-assessment process and related ongoing staff communications are evidence of two-way communication about the structural and operational changes that have been taking place at the SEC. And Chairman Schapiro has continue to express belief in capturing a variety of viewpoints in decision-making.5. Empowering Employees for Broad-Based ActionTo implement the leaders vision, employees need to be able to take action. This may mean clearing away structural barriers, skill deficiencies, general obstacles, and supervisory impediments that may forestall effective employee participation in change efforts. Many of the structural and operational reforms implemented by Chairman Schapiro appear to be designed to empower SEC staff members for action that carries forward the change vision of the SEC. The efforts of Chairman Schapiro to listen and respond to staff concerns about unnecessary enforcement hurdle race are examples of initiatives to streamline structure. In addition, the restructuring of the Division of Enforcement is geared to clear structural barricades to effective enforcement efforts. The decision to carry staff with non-traditional skills and the implementation of new staff training are examples of efforts to remedy skill deficits. Human resources and information systems have been or are being improved in response to deficiencies identified in the SECs self-assessment and the OIGs investigation, report, and recommendations. In the Division of Enforcement, supervisory positions are being eliminated, supervisory personnel are being replaced, supervisory responsibilities are being realigned, and supervisory attitudes that may have impeded investigations are being corrected.6. Generating Short-Term WinsBecause the organizational change process is slow and constituents can be impatient, it is important for a change leader to accomplish accepted limited objectives in the short term. Major change takes time, sometimes lots of time. Zealous believers will oft stay the course no matter what happens. Most of the rest of us expect to see convince evidence that all the effortis paying off. Nonbelievers have even higher standards of proof. They want to see clea r data indicating that the changes are working and that the change process isnt absorbing so many resources in the short term as to endanger the organization. To be effective in sustaining organizational change efforts, short-term wins must be both visible and unambiguous. They also must be clearly related to the change effort. And in an effective change effort, they are planned, not accidental. SEC Chairman Schapiro accomplished some highly publicised early wins after her appointment was confirmed. In particular, she swiftly moved to remove perceived barriers to enforcement of the securities laws against public companies. She publically promoted these changes, and they were picked up by the news media. These efforts generated support in and outside the SEC. The achievement of these short-term wins on a staggered but consistent basis has kept the SECs structural and operational reforms in front of the SECs staff and the public, building consensus around and momentum for the SECs s elf-initiated reform efforts and distracting attention from more substantial externally generated suggestions for change.7. Consolidating Gains and Producing More ChangeThe long-term time horizon for organizational change not only makes short-term wins advisable, but also may make early declarations of victory problematic. It is important that the sense of urgency created by the change leaders is carry on for the long haul. Short-term wins are essential to keep momentum going, but the celebration of the wins can be lethal if urgency is lost. With complacency up, the forces of tradition can sweep back in with remarkable force and speed. Although a rapid, consistent pace of change at the SEC was sustained over the first 15 months of reform, Chairman Schapiro as well as other SEC change leaders, needed to maintain the change momentum by continuing to introduce reforms on a regular basis. Having gone so far, the SEC could have lost all of the gains it had made in organizational chang e merely by restful into complacency. Until changed practices attain a new equilibrium and have been driven into the culture, they can be very fragile. To reach out that equilibrium, in addition to engaging in more and continuous change, the SEC should bring in redundant change agents, continue to foster leadership from its senior managers,recruit and nurture project management and leadership from lower ranks in the hierarchy, and identify and decrease or eliminate unnecessary internal structural and operational interconnections that often make change efforts more complex. These types of efforts in change management are difficult and pervasive.8. Anchoring New Approaches in the CultureFinally, to prevent regression, change leaders must reference and resolve any incompatibilities between the changes that have been made and the organizations culture-friction in the groups system of behavioural norms and shared values. This is not as easy as it may sound. These norms and values may apply to the organization as a whole or only to certain parts of the organization, and it is important to achieve compatibility on both levels. Moreover, culture is change-resistant and nearly invisible. Yet, the failure to address inconsistencies between a change effort and the prevailing culture can undo years of reform. Accordingly, it was important that Chairman Schapiro understood the applicable behavioural norms and shared values of the SEC and the Enforcement Division and their respective applicable cultural sub-groups as they continue to reform the SEC and the Enforcement Division. Because the core vision of investor protection should not be entirely inconsistent with the SECs culture (in whole or in pertinent part), these and other change leaders at the SEC should be able to graft the new practices onto the old roots while cleanup position off the inconsistent pieces. The important thing will be for the SECs change leaders to continue to guess the organizations heritage and link it to the organizations new and ongoing operations and objectives.