Crime Victims and the Media Essays - 1034 Words

Introduction The media’s job is to entertain, inform, and educate society on what is going on around the world. The media entertains society by reporting stories that amuse people. The educational function of the media is about allowing society to know their legal rights. The informational aspect of the media does not need to be explained; it is self-explanatory. Within the last three decades, the media’s role has changed dramatically. The media went from using telegraphs, post offices, newspapers, magazines, radio, and television to using cell phones and tablets. In the modern era, which is also sometimes referred to as the information age, global networking and global communication have shaped modern societies. The majority of†¦show more content†¦Americans have given up some of their freedoms to be protected by the United States, so they have a right to be informed. In the majority of the all the discussion boards, the classmates agreed that the media creates problems . By giving stories more attention than others, the media creates problems. The media tends to focus more on seriously violent crimes more than missing, or kidnapping cases. According to Champion, in the portrayal of both offenders and victims of crimes in the media there is a significant focus on high profile crimes as well as societal ills related to crime and victimization (Champion 2007). In addition, the media reports stories that can make money, and to draw viewership. These are important to the media because without the funding the media wont be able to report from different places across the U.S., and without the support of the public looking them, the media will lose its only audience. The media plays a significant role in public safety by keeping the public aware of crime increase, violence, and fugitives. This allows the community to take action to promote their safety. Americans put a lot of trust into the media in hopes that everything they report is honest and fair. How are victim stories portrayed in the media? In addition, all discussions boards agree that the media makes victims looks vulnerable, weak, defenseless, and in need of compassion and sympathy (Greer, p.22)Show MoreRelatedEssay about How the Media Uses an Ideal Victim in Portrayals of Crime1987 Words   |  8 Pagessubject of crime has become an increasingly important theme of political, academic, and public debate. In particular, the media today is more focused on victims than it has ever been before. Through media representations of the ‘ideal victim’, this essay will subsequently show how the media are able to construct and re-affirm pre-existing traditional ideologies within the public realm. In effect, this assignment will critically assess the concept of an ‘ideal victim’ and show how the media have usedRead MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagessomewhat brief insight and view of crime reporting within South Australia and the perceptions of crime within the state. He provides the reader with his personal view and concerns which are: †¢ The public’s perception in regards to crime statistics within South Australia through media and social media; and †¢ His frustrations at the lack of reporting of crime and the reluctance of victims/witnesses, to come forward and assist police with their enquiries to solve crime. This critique of Commissioner Burns’Read MoreCrime Data And Its Effects On Victims And The Public Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesinsight and view of crime reporting within South Australia and the perceptions of crime within the state. Commissioner Burns provides the reader with his personal view of his frustrations and concerns which are: †¢ the public’s perception in regards to crime statistics within South Australia through media and social media; †¢ his frustrations at the lack of reporting of crime and reluctance of victims/witnesses, to come forward and assist police with their enquiries to solve crime. This critique ofRead MoreCrime And The Victims Of Crime1627 Words   |  7 PagesAre those members of society who are most fearful of crime also most likely to become the victims of crime? Among society, there are many variances in people’s perceptions of safety and the threat of crime. This small essay will discuss whether members of society that are considered the most fearful of crime are accurate in their concerns and are also most likely to become victims of committed crimes. The fear of crime refers specifically to the fear and anxiety a person may feel resulting fromRead MoreCrime Is The Nature Of Crime854 Words   |  4 Pagesassumed that the media, particularly television, newspapers and the internet, are primary sources of knowledge and understanding of crime issues in our 21st century modern society (Nguyen et. al, 2005). However, there is widespread concern that the level and type of crime reported in the media produces an inaccurate view of the reality of crime in the community (Fields Jerin, 1996; Windschuttle, 1988). The purpose of this essay is to address the question; is the nature of crime in our society accuratelyRead MoreVictim Blaming By T he Canadian Resource Center For Victims Of Crime1212 Words   |  5 Pages What is Victim Blaming? Victim blaming is defined by the Canadian Resource Center for Victims of Crime as â€Å"a devaluing act that occurs when the victim of a crime is held responsible †¦ for the crimes that have been committed against them†(2). Victim blaming affects the lives of many, including both men and women. The act of victim blaming can be detrimental in many ways. It can affect the victim’s willingness to come forward and report a crime, it influences how the media and society portraysRead MoreIs the nature of crime in our society accurately presented by the media? Discuss.1502 Words   |  7 Pages IS THE NATURE OF CRIME IN OUR SOCIETY ACCURATELY PRESENTED BY THE MEDIA? DISCUSS. _INTRODUCTION_ A considerable amount of literature consistently argues that the way crime is portrayed in the media significantly differs from what official records and research tell us, that is to say, that the media is said to misrepresent the crime problem. Five main arguments are presented demonstrating that the media distorts the crime problem. First, the media tend to report on crimes that are consideredRead MoreRace And Punishment : Racial Perceptions Of Crime And Support For Punitive Policies1308 Words   |  6 Pagesreform. She also, is an author of a report called â€Å"Race and Punishment: Racial Perceptions of Crime and Support for Punitive Policies, which is about her study of police shootings disproportionately affecting African American and how media coverage shows racial bias against African American. In addition, a 2002 survey found that people made an estimate that 40 percent of those that committed violent crimes were African American, but the real percentage was only 29 perc ent. According to Nazgol GhandnooshRead MoreMass Media Is Obsessed With Crime Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is infatuated with crime. As a society, we have a great deal of fascination when it comes to crime and deviance. It is hard to turn on the television, watch a movie or open a newspaper or book and not be faced with the central and dominant theme that is crime. In recent years the lines between crime entertainment and crime information have been significantly blurred. The mass media often influences how people see crime, with the bombardment of criminal images and violence, it serves toRead MoreShould Sex Offenders Be Committed Using Social Media Sites?1540 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract The issue of sex offenses being committed using social media sites, such as Facebook, is a growing issue in today’s society. This research is designed to determine whether an average Facebook user believes the social media site is used as an avenue for committing sex offenses. In order to conduct the research analysis there will be a Qualtrics survey given to 113 social media users in the Treasure Valley. The survey questions will be based on previous research that has shown demonstrating

What Does It Mean - 1480 Words

What does it mean to be human? Did your concept change after reading the book? Before reading this book, I would have answered this question using a much more philosophical viewpoint. I would have said that being human allows us to experience nuances of life and change the world in ways other animals cannot. However, after reading Your Inner Fish, I’d have to say that as humans, we shouldn’t believe that our species should be deified in the animal kingdom as a group more advanced than others. The current state of human beings is a product of evolution from a common ancestor, and as such we can find similarities between people and other creatures, as well as determine where in our bodies we are not the most sophisticated animals evolutionarily. We are intrinsically connected to other animals. Through embryology we know that our limbs initially develop in a similar configuration as 380-million-year-old fish Eusthenopteron: â€Å"with elbows and knees facing in the same direction† (Shubin, p. 43). Additionally, in primitive creatures there are genetic links. A mixture of genes similar to Pax 6 and Pax 2 (the genes that control eye and ear development in humans) is found in box jellyfish, which helps explain why a lot of human birth problems arise in both the eyes and ears (Shubin, p. 172). Though today we look very dissimilar to these creatures, we share evolutionary roots. Humans are imperfect creatures, both metaphorically and biologically. We have vestigial structures likeShow MoreRelatedWhat Does It Mean?1389 Words   |  6 PagesMaintenance items: 31 Pre-Contemplation- What does that mean? I would explain to Justin that individuals in the pre-contemplation stage of change are not even thinking about changing their drinking or drug behavior. They may not see it as a problem, or they think that others who point out the problem are exaggerating (Grohol, J. M., 2006, February 13). Contemplation – What does that mean? I would also give him the knowledge of each of the four and what the meaning is. Individuals in this stageRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?855 Words   |  4 PagesPrior to arriving to Ursinus College in the Fall of 2015 I had not reflected on what being human truly meant. I was first posed the question, â€Å"What does it mean to be human?† in my very first Common Intellectual Experience class. At this time my first impression of what it meant to be human was to be someone who contributes to society, throughout this year my speculation has changed into the theory that there is no legitimate higher purpose to being human, you yourself give your existence meaningRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?929 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does it mean to be truly alone? Most people believe being alone holds a negative connotation. However, I have found that being isolated can truly make one stop and breathe and have time to really think about their life and what their purpose is. Above all, to be tr uly alone one must be physically and virtually disconnected from others for a time. For example, to me being alone is often something I get excited for in advance. I relish my free time to laze around and just be able to do anythingRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1300 Words   |  6 PagesStuff. Such a broad word that can describe so many different things. It is a simple five letter word that can engulf entire populations. Everyone on this planet has â€Å"stuff† and some people have too much of that â€Å"stuff.† What exactly does it mean to have too much stuff? What does it entail? Is it bad? I have attempted to answer those questions and ones similar. â€Å"Attempt† is the key.There are over seven billion people in the world and it is impossible for me to hear everyone’s voice. I had to be satisfiedRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?954 Words   |  4 Pageswarm up run with my teammates. After the run, the coach normally announces that days lineups. Today we were in eights. â€Å"Awmiller, Greer, Johnson, Smith, Harrison, Shuford, Patrick, and Dickerson,† the coach announced. I didn’t hear my name. What does that mean? â€Å"Velanovich, Farris, Lewis, Arth, Howell, Clements, Charles, and Rose,† yelled the coach. I didn’t hear my name called once so, I went to the coach and asked why. â€Å"Excuse me coach, but why wasn’t I called today?† â€Å"Lucas, we didn’t have enoughRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1561 Words   |  7 Pagesan important thing to note that the clear understanding of the topic makes the topic more and more easier to understand it. So, I am also going to start the topic from the basics. Who are Nagros? The writer is always using the word â€Å"Nagro†, what does it mean by this word â€Å"Nagro†?. According to the basic definitions, the Nagros are the people with black skins. It may also be said that those people who have their ancestry or the black appearance are called the Nagros. Summary The writer wants toRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?901 Words   |  4 Pageslast courses one met my historical studies factor which is framework. Framework allowed me to explore historical studies in that dealt with American history and global history. the courses associate with both histories are U.S. History to 1865: What Does It Mean to Be a Free Nation, Global History to the 15th Century, U.S. History from 1865 to the Present and Introduction to Women s and Gender Studies. Problem-oriented is framework that focus on consideration of possible resolution or continuing significanceRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Thinking† has become so casual in our everyday lives that we sometimes take it for granted and never really think about the process of â€Å"thinking†. What does it mean to â€Å"think†? What qualities do one need to meet to be considered â€Å"capable of thinking†? Being a human involves thinking and thinking involves experiences and emotions. In his paper, Turing questions these traits and brings in new theories to support his statement that machines are capable of thinking, using his imitation game as an exampleRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it mean to be religious? According to John Bowker (2006), it can mean so many things to different people (p.6). Therefore, John Bowker argues that being religious does not have a perfect explanation and it does not mean one simple thing. I totally agree with John. I agree because â€Å"as a religion develops, disagreements can arise† (Coogan, p 10). Everyone had his or her own true meaning of being religious. In addition, religion is a key element in most human cultures. John and I believe thatRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1580 Words   |  7 Pageshowever on personal climate occasions. Yet this probability raises numerous troublesome philosophical and political questions. What does it mean for something to be created by something else – particularly in complex frameworks? Is the looked for after reason for amazing climate deterministic ( this brought about that ) or stochastic ( this made that more likely )? In what ways are answers to the inquiry of causation molded by political or morals instead of by logical analysis. Rising levels of

Applications of Information Technology free essay sample

Driving force in educational reform Students have many opportunities to learn the basic computer skills to facilitate their learning. Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a projector 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Smart home technology ?Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet ? Personal computer ?Has become a necessity for many households 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Personal computer Uses of personal computer 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT at Home ? Home office ?Refers to a small computerized office setup at home ?Self-employed persons can work at home and communicate with others through the Internet. Clients Self-employed person Colleagues 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places ? Information kiosk ?Provides information on nearby facilities in public places ? Electronic Money ?Can be used for petty cash payments ?Example: Octopus Octopus Kiosks 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Applications of Information Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Public Places Internet access service ?It is provided in various public places. ?The public can obtain information from the Internet more conveniently. Internet access service in public area 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Office automation ?Office automation helps office workers improve working efficiency productivity, data security and communications with others An automated office 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? Intranet ?A private and small-scale Internet of an organization ?Helps improve workflow and enables efficient collaboration and  communication. Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce ?Refers to commercial activities carried out in an electronic network ?The Internet is now the most popular way to conduct e-commerce. e-bay, a popular online auction site 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Business ? E-commerce We can also purchase groceries online (http://www. wellcome. com. hk) We can book tickets online (http://www. cityline. com. hk) Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Information technology has become an  important means of providing government services. ? Under the ‘2004 Digital 21 Strategy’, the Hong Kong SAR government has committed to developing e-government. 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Electronic Service Delivery ?A web site that provides a wide range of government information and services ?The services include, application for government job vacancies payment of government bills purchasing books making appointments for The use of public services 1. 1 Applications of Information Technology in Our Daily Life ? IT in Government ? Employers concerned about exposing of company confidentials More difficult for employers to monitor work progress 1. 2 Information Technology and the Information Age ? Digital Divide ? Describes the growing gap between those people who can access and make effective use of IT and those who cannot ? Separate people into two groups ?Internet users ?Non-Internet users.

Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company free essay sample

Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company May 4th, 2011 ________________________________________ The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is a beverage retailer, manufacturer and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offers more than 500 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1. billion servings each day. [3] The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments. The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia . Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA, SP 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent. In the past year, Ive had the honor of speaking on a number of university campuses around the world from the London Business School to IMD to MIT. I always walk away from these experiences energized and inspired by the fresh thinking the rigorous debate and the entrepreneurial spirit I find at our worlds leading business schools. Coming to Wharton, however, is truly special. This, of course, is where collegiate business education began. More importantly, this is where many of the leading ideas are coming from that will shape business leadership and business development in the years ahead. Believe me new ideas and new thinking have never been in more demand in the business world. Its tough out there at the moment very tough. The global financial crisis has touched everyone in the world, and it will probably get tougher before it gets better. Last week, I met with Chairman Bernanke in Washington and we talked about the need to keep the faith in our global markets. I acknowledged the issues were difficult but I also expressed my optimism about the future and our belief that this was exactly the right time to invest in our future. We both agreed that the American economy and the world economy could come out of this crisis stronger and better prepared for the future than when we entered into it. I am a firm believer that times like these are not an excuse to sit back and ride out the storm. Rather, this is the time to focus on what matters most to our business, shed what is wasteful and unproductive, and invest in our brands, customer-facing communications and execution. History has shown us, time and again, that world-class organizations and leaders proactively manage turbulence to sow the seeds for future growth and prosperity. With that said, Id like to spend some time this afternoon talking about leading in challenging times. My hope is that the world you will inherit upon completion of your MBA will have calmed down quite a bit. Rest assured, though, that whether its a financial crisis, or a geopolitical crisis, or an energy crisis, or an environmental crisis turbulence will be the new norm in the years ahead. And thats not necessarily a bad thing, either. I believe that for every headwind we confront theres an equally powerful tailwind to be ridden. The trick is finding it. We are living in a world of great paradox. A world of seemingly insurmountable challenges but also one of breathtaking opportunities. Your leadership will help shape and define that world. I want to get this leadership discussion started by sharing with you some defining moments in my career and how they shaped my own personal leadership style. Then Id like to share a few thoughts on how I am putting those principles into practice as we lead The Coca-Cola Company and system through these times of great paradox. Mostly, though, Im looking forward to hearing whats on your mind, and my hope is that we can have a great conversation today as well. So, let me start with my career journey and some of the key lessons I learned along the way. When I first went to work for The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta 30 years ago, America and the world were in a situation surprisingly similar to today. Fuel prices were spiking. A recession was draining our confidence. Across America there was widespread fear that we were losing our global political and economic leadership around world. Many people feared that a surging Japan would cripple American industry, jobs and the U. S. economy. Even greater numbers of people were worried about their jobs being replaced by technology. But the system didnt collapse. In fact, America got stronger much stronger and thats because this great nation did what it has always done best America innovated and reinvented itself. By the time I was 29, the early 80s economic boom was beginning to heat up both here in America and around the world. I was appointed to lead our first Pan European Customer Relationship function. A few years later, I was appointed director of International Accounts for Europe. Both of these roles taught me the importance of relationship-building and leading not by hierarchal control but by influencing and collaborating. Four years later, I was named president of our small and troubled operations in Turkey that was back in 1985. Our business in Turkey at the time had $55 million dollars in revenue. Today its among the most successful operations in our system. Being president at the age of 32 in a crisis situation taught me a lot about compassion listening mpathy†¦ and building trust while leading with confidence. A few years later, as the Berlin Wall was falling, I went on to lead our operations in East Central Europe. These were dynamic times half a billion people from the Baltic to the Balkans lived behind an Iron Curtain for half a century. Our business had no relevance in this geography at the time. There was no infrastructure and no real currency. We did business through counter-trade. We ramped up quickly and built Western-style production and distribution facilities in record time. In fact, we built 24 factories across 11 countries in 28 months. Today, we are the undisputed market leaders in these geographies and they are among the most innovative markets in our system. Key lessons here for me were prioritization acting with urgency focusing on execution and keeping your eye on the prize. In 1998, I became CEO of Efes Beverage Group, a small Turkish beer company that had just invested in the Coca-Cola bottling system. At the time, we were a local business, with less than $300 million in revenue. Our vision was to establish Beverage Leadership from the Adriatic to China. By 2005, Efes had expanded to eight countries, was the No. beer company in Europe, and was among the top 10 bottlers in the Coca-Cola system. Revenues had grown to nearly $3 billion, we were listed on both the Istanbul and New York stock exchanges, and we had indeed become the largest beverage company from the Adriatic to China. The big lessons for me here were respect for cash governance and executing by building emotional networks among people. In Ma y 2005, I came back to work for The Coca-Cola Company, first to run our Asia-Pacific operations in Hong Kong. In 2007, I became president and COO. I assumed the CEO position this past July. The big lessons of the past two years have been the importance of getting our system aligned and our people believing in winning again. Throughout my 30-year career, Ive been fortunate to interact with some truly wonderful leaders leaders from business, government and civil society. Regardless of their background, Ive noticed one overarching and essential trait found in all leaders and especially leaders who manage through challenging times. They have the ability to create a clear and compelling vision for their organization, and to inspire their people to achieve that vision. Lets face it, vision without execution is merely daydreaming. And execution without vision is like running in the dark youre moving but probably not in the right direction. One of my first priorities as CEO has been to guide our entire system toward a system-wide vision for our business and to develop the capabilities to execute against that vision. It became apparent to me and to my leadership team that the world we inherited at the beginning of 2008 was shaping up to be significantly different than it was even a year ago. We saw some things happening today and over the near horizon that were going to fundamentally and dramatically reshape the nature of our business over the next decade and beyond. Changes that were going to make the last 10 years seem downright tranquil. Specifically we saw and continue to see four massive global trends unfolding that will have great bearing on the world and our system in the years ahead. These are: 1. The rising demand (and cost) for energy. 2. Rising food prices. 3. A growing middle class and 4. Rapid urbanization. Collectively I refer to them as the New Equilibrium because they are shifting the balance of the world and will so for next decade and beyond. The current global financial crisis while painful and pervasive did not make this list because I believe it will be a distant memory in a few short years. As traumatic as it seems today, it will have little material impact on the much broader global developments already in place. Let me just take a moment to review these four key developments in more detail because they are really the triggers for the strategic renewal process that we are going through right now. First, the energy situation. Despite recent fluctuations, most energy experts today believe that oil demand and prices will rise significantly over the next decade as consumption continues to surge. This is already fueling one of the largest transfers of wealth in history. The United States will transfer nearly $500 billion dollars to oil producing economies this year alone. This will join the $2 trillion dollars that will be transferred out of the EU, China, Japan and India this year. Of course, oil booms and busts are not exactly uncommon. What is different today, however, is the surging energy demand were seeing from fast-growing economies around the world, adding to the already huge demand from the developed world. The second component of this New Equilibrium is producing some unintended and far-reaching consequences. The surge in production of bio-fuels like ethanol, along with erratic weather, is partly responsible for food shortages and rising prices. So, here we are with both higher energy costs and higher food costs. As populations continue to expand and living standards continue to rise across the world, we will have to manage our business in an economy of constant scarcity and cost pressure. This is the new normal. The third major shift were seeing is the rapidly growing middle class. Think about this: A billion new people worldwide will enter the middle class by the year 2020. These new middle class consumers will strive for the same things we want out of life better quality food and better quality beverages. And like their counterparts in the developed world, most of these new middle class consumers will reside in urban areas. This brings us to the fourth component of this New Equilibrium the stunning rate of urbanization taking place around the world. Within the next 12 years, China, India and the Southern Hemisphere will be more urban than North America, Europe and Japan. So, clearly, what you have here with these four global shifts are significant challenges and opportunities that impact the sustainability of our industry our business and our planet. For our industry, this also means more people with more wealth leading highly mobile, on-the-go, urban lifestyles that are conducive to greater demand for ready-to-drink beverages. It also means increasing cost pressures, environmental pressures, commodity scarcity, NGO pressures, global talent competition and a host of other implications. Amid this backdrop of opportunity and turbulence, we truly believe that there is no better consumer products industry to be in than non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages. At Coca-Cola, we think weve really just scratched the surface of our potential. Consider this: This year, people around the world will consume 1. 5 billion servings of our products every day but 50 billion servings of ALL other beverages. There is an incredible opportunity for growth. Ours is a $650 billion dollar industry that is growing faster than the worlds GDP and faster than all other consumer packaged goods, including cosmetics, alcoholic beverages, and household care. By 2020, the non-alcoholic beverage space will be a trillion dollar industry. Thats a huge opportunity. If our industry were a nation, we would be among the top 18 largest economies in the world today. We know that capturing new opportunities, however, is going to require both vision and execution across our Company and our wonderful system of bottling partners. And thats where our vision which we call Vision 2020 comes into play. Its a look at where our Company and our bottling partners need to be heading over the next decade. Our vision is centered on capturing the unprecedented opportunities emerging over the next decade in the global non-alcoholic beverage industry †¦ as a billion new people enter the middle class†¦ †¦as expanding youth markets and affluent aging populations seek new beverage experiences and requirements †¦ and as breakthrough technologies and innovations reinvent consumer marketing and shopper experiences. In short, our vision is to harness new wealth, new beverage requirements and new innovations to accelerate growth and create the worlds most respected consumer goods system. Ive been spending a lot of time this year getting my leadership team assembled and aligned in a way so that I am confident we can execute against our vision and strategies. I think its Professor Useem here at Wharton who refers to leadership as a team sport. He couldnt be more right. Getting the right team in place to execute our vision and strategies has been absolutely critical. Equally important is getting our bottling system leadership and our Company employees aligned behind our vision. About two months ago, we assembled our top global bottlers and Company leadership for a rigorous two days of discussion on our vision. This was the first time we had convened as a system since the Roberto Goizueta era. We spent a lot of time looking at our business and where we wanted to take it, and we also listened to some leading outside thinkers give their perspectives on the future. We heard from Fareed Zakaria, the noted international affairs experts, former U. S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, the CEO of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd Blankfein (who joined us just days after the start of the global financial meltdown), and Dr. Rajendra Pachauri, the Nobel Prize winning climate-change scientist. Most importantly, we received great input from the leaders of our bottling system about what we need to be doing better to grow as a system. It was a rich discussion and we followed that with another important gathering just two weeks ago when we brought together our employees for a town hall to discuss our vision in Atlanta. Getting our system leadership and people behind the vision and giving them an opportunity to contribute to the vision will play an essential role in the success of this renewal process. Other extremely important constituencies that we need to communicate vision to are shareowners, retail customers, suppliers, government officials, NGOs and other parties who directly and indirectly influence our ability to grow. There are two critical things a CEO cannot delegate and will have to own. 1. The first is communicating vision and Ive already talked a bit about that. . The second is owning the development of leadership talent and succession planning. If you look at my senior management team, youll see that weve got leaders from Mexico, Lebanon, the UK, Australia, Liberia, Turkey, France, Colombia, Ireland and the U. S. At times, Coca-Cola resembles the United Nations and in fact we are in more markets than our represented by the UN today. This extraordinary diversity of ideas and cultures a nd beliefs is undeniably one of the most important competitive advantages we have as a business system. I sense more and more businesses will begin to resemble us in this regard in the coming years. In fact, CEOs in the US and Europe recently told an Economist survey that their senior management teams will become more international over the next three years. We feel strongly that the next generation of leadership will need to be able to recognize and harness the power of diversity. One of the most fulfilling diversity programs I am personally involved in is serving as the chair of our Companys Womens Leadership Council. In this role, I work with senior women executives throughout our company to identify strategies to attract and develop more women into leadership positions. The keen insights women bring to our business are profound, to say the least. Today, women account for the majority of purchase decision makers for our beverages. Globally, women make up 70 percent of all grocery shoppers. As more and more women around the world gain economic power, we need to be there with the right shopper insights, the right mix of products, and the right marketing and merchandising strategies. Womens leadership has never been more important. As the CEO, my job is to create a climate of success for our people and inspire them to achieve the vision we have created for our business. Thats really the true essence of leadership. At the end of the day, it all comes down to execution. As I mentioned earlier, vision without execution is simply daydreaming. For The Coca-Cola Company, execution involves focusing on our three core capabilities of consumer marketing which generates that bond and emotional connection with our consumers ommercial leadership which involves all the strategic actions we take with our 20 million retail customers who sell our brands around the world each day and franchise leadership which is working with our 300 bottling partners around the world to create greater system alignment. Fore effective leadership especially in these times of challenge, there can be no substitute for strategic thinking and tireless, relentless execution. There can be no alterna tive for attracting and retaining the absolute best people to lead and creating a dynamic environment for them. And there can be no job more important than communicating effectively with your customers and all your key stakeholders. As you can see, our strategic renewal is a journey thats at its beginning stages. But by formulating a clear and compelling vision getting our system aligned behind it executing and constantly communicating our intentions Im extremely confident that we will succeed. Muhtar Kent is Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of The Coca-Cola Company. Mr. Kent joined The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1978 and has held a variety of marketing and operations roles throughout his career. In 1985, he was appointed General Manager of Coca-Cola Turkey and Central Asia. From 1989 to 1995, he served as President of the Companys East Central Europe Division and Senior Vice President of Coca-Cola International, with responsibility for 23 countries. Between 1995 and 1998, Mr. Kent served as Managing Director of Coca-Cola Amatil-Europe, covering bottling operations in 12 countries. From 1999 until his return to The Coca-Cola Company in May 2005, he served as President and CEO of the Efes Beverage Group, the majority shareholder of Turkish bottler Coca-Cola Icecek. Headquartered in Istanbul and listed on the London and Istanbul Stock Exchanges, Efes is a publicly traded beverage enterprise whose Coca-Cola and beer operations extend from the Adriatic to the Pacific Ocean. Under Mr. Kents leadership, Efes experienced extraordinary growth, with triple-digit revenue growth and a 250 percent increase in market capitalization. During that time, in addition to taking Efes Breweries International public on the London Stock Exchange, Mr. Kent also served as a board member of Coca-Cola Icecek. Mr. Kent was named President and Chief Operating Officer of The Coca-Cola Companys North Asia, Eurasia and Middle East Group from 2005 until early 2006, where he was responsible for the operations across a broad and diverse geographic region that included China, Japan and Russia. Mr. Kent served as President of Coca-Cola International through most of 2006, responsible for operations outside of North America, until his appointment as President and Chief Operating Officer of The Coca-Cola Company, overseeing all operations of the business, including Bottling Investments. He succeeded Neville Isdell as Chief Executive Officer of the Company on July 1, 2008, and as Chairman of the Board of Directors on April 23, 2009. Mr. Kent holds a bachelor of science degree in economics from Hull University, England, and a master of science degree in administrative sciences from London City University The news last week that The Coca-Cola Companys heir apparent and chief operating officer, Muhtar Kent, is to succeed E. Neville Isdell as chief executive officer in July next year will have come as a huge relief to those with a vested interest in the soft drinks giants success. Kent has been groomed by Isdell for the position since he rejoined Coke in May 2005 and became president in December 2006. However, Cokes recent track record in executive succession made nothing a certainty, and a repeat of the last two CEO appointments, which left the company demoralised and haemorrhaging executive talent, could never be ruled out. Most recently, this was seen four years ago when Isdell came out of retirement to beat then COO Steve Heyer to the CEOs chair. For some, Heyer was Cokes natural heir and the decision to pass him over left the boardroom and management divided. Although Isdells track record over the last four years suggests the move was the right one, at the time it summed up a company that was struggling to convince itself or its investors that it had any direction at all. Isdell, who will remain as chairman until the companys annual shareholders meeting in April 2009, has worked hard to turn that situation around. Those looking back over his tenure will judge positively a man who has overseen rejuvenated beverage sales and profits across the world, improved bottler relations and the arrival of new talent to replace that which had been lost during a difficult time in the companys history. But perhaps, given the past, his greatest triumph has been to ensure a smooth handover to Kent, as this epitomises the new confidence the Atlanta-based group wants to portray. I have a very, very strong belief that successful management transition is one of the key jobs of the CEO and the chairman, Isdell said in an interview recently. Its one of the key goals I set for myself. Ive been working on it for three and a half years, and Im trying to do it the right way. That right way was to convince Kent to rejoin the Coke family after a stint as president and CEO of the Turkish drinks company Efes Beverage Group. Before that, he had been in the Coke ranks since 1978 in a variety of marketing and operating roles. But his relationship with Isdell really grew from 1989 to 1995, when he was president of Cokes East Central European division. During this period, Isdell and Kent jointly oversaw the companys successful move into Eastern Bloc countries as the Iron Curtain fell. His rise up the Coke ranks was not without its hurdles though, and after three years at the helm of Coca-Cola Amatil Europe, he left the company in 1998, following controversy surrounding insider-trading allegations. Kent settled out of court and continues to deny any wrongdoing. On balance, however, the drinks community seems to think Coke has got its man. We have confidence in the boards judgment and continue to recommend KO [Coca-Cola] shares believing that operating performance will continue at or above long-term targets, said Stifel Nicolaus beverage analyst Mark Swartzberg. Importantly, Kent has been right at the forefront of so much of the progress that has been made at Coke in recent years. Isdell has turned to him to fix troubled international markets and he headed up the companys largest acquisition, its US$4. 1bn purchase of Energy Brands, the producer of Glaceau Vitaminwater. His stock is also high amongst the bottlers after working to repair relations with some of the bigger partners. John F. Brock, president and CEO of Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE), said last week: Muhtar and Neville are a strong leadership team. Muhtar has a solid understanding of our unique challenges and opportunities in North America and Europe. Kent still faces challenges. North America remains problematic for carbonated drinks and Coca-Cola is still playing catch-up with rival PepsiCo in efforts to diversify a portfolio still heavily reliant on this unspectacular category. Improving morale in-house is also a job in progress the self-inflicted wounds of the beginning of the decade are deep. But in truth the only black mark appears to be the decade-old insider-trading fiasco at Amatil. This event may be taken as an occasion to re-raise the question of Mr Kents ethics, warned Swartzberg. Coca-Colas board had an outside law firm investigate the matter before re-hiring Kent and as Swartzberg points out: Local regulators ultimately dropped their investigation of the matter and†¦this subject has been vetted by Mr Isdell and the board, implying the boards knowledge of and confidence in Mr Kents character is high. However, others believe the matter still needs addressing. The issue remains on investors minds and, given Kents increasing role at the company, we think Coke will need to continue trying to get investors comfortable with the situation, another analyst was quoted saying. At the moment, Isdell talks as if the issue is closed, but many in the investment community still seem to feel there are questions to answer. Convincing them otherwise could be Isdells final triumph. here are four main types of management styles that each business would use. Coca Cola have four principles of citizenship that they would have to incorporate into the management style: * Provide quality in the marketplace * Enrich the workplace * Preserve the environment * Strengthen the community A management style is an overall method of leadership used by the manager. The Coca Cola Company use the following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three main types of management styles used in businesses: Autocratic Where the leader makes all the decisions, there is no negotiation and is very prescriptive and there is little job satisfaction. However, the job gets done quickly and there is less conflict between different ideas. This style is hardly used among the company as they believe that the lack of input could lead to poor results. Autocratic does save a lot of time as quick decisions can be made and there is no time wasted on discussion resulting in the business saving time and money. Democratic This emphasises on group agreements to generate new ideas. There are two types of democratic management styles; democratic and consultative democratic. Democratic is where all the managers, junior managers and employees are involved in the ideas and final decision process. Out of all the workers, no-one has a higher level than the others n this management style. Consultative democratic This is where the managers allow the employees to make the ideas but the ideas are forwarded to the executives or the manager consults their team to make the final decision. Coca Cola applies consultative management style to the company more as there can be less conflict for what the final decision is. The advantage of this is that it helps to motivate staff as they are aware that they have a say in the company to some extent. The disadvantages of this that the process is very time consuming and effort will be needed by a manager to do this. Management encourages employees to set goals in line within the organization aims. There are reviewed regularly in performance appraisals. The advantages of this style are that it will increase efficiency of individuals and help to motivate them and train them so they are productive. The disadvantages of this are that it needs to be well organized and will not work in highly structured jobs. Democratic style is the management style that Coca cola adopts. This sort of management style involves empowerment. In this management style individuals and teams are given responsibilities and decisions to make, usually within a given framework. If anything wrong happens then the individuals and teams are then held responsible for the decisions that are chosen. With this type of management style it allows the manager to feel comfortable with other people in the organization making some of the decisions. Democratic managers will often want feed back from their employees on decisions being made. Democratic leaders listen and act on the opinions of the group. This type of management is good as it makes the employees happy and productivity is high. This is a very good method because employees thoughts and suggestions are listened to by the business. This makes the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughts are valid. Coca Colas Management by Objectives Management by objectives is a process of management that emphasises the role of leadership and communications in the organisation and control of the business. It is a method of managing managers rather than the workforce at large. The following shows how Coca Cola is managed, by the three basic elements in management that Coca Cola uses by the objectives: †¢ The identification of agreed goals by a manager and a subordinate †¢ The definition of the subordinates responsibilities in terms of agreed results The use of agreed goals and responsibilities to control the progress of the business Cultures Every business is made up of different cultures and the cultures that are present within the business depend on the management style and the organisational structures that are used. The different types of structures are: Role Culture- This is best suited to a hierarchy organizational structure. This type of culture works best by every employee playing the role that he or she has been predetermined and corresponds with the rules and regulations of the business Task Culture- This culture encourages people to work as a team; this works best in a star structure. Power Culture- This works well in a matrix structure. It is based around one dominant individual/leader. Person Culture- this culture focuses on providing administrative help and support and close attention to one person in the organization. Role culture is the culture that Coca Cola adopts. This is where all members have a defined job or role to carry out. Role culture is normally split up into a number of functions that are organized in a hierarchical way. Coca Cola would divide themselves into various functions like accounts, marketing and production. These also have hierarchical ordering of office examples of these are production director, production managers, supervisors, technicians, operatives etc. This type of culture works by logic and rationality. Role culture is mainly used in large organization. In this culture position in the main source of power and rules and procedures are the main source of influence. They also use task culture s the employees from the I. T department might have to work together to teach their goal or target Management style of Coca Cola. If the culture of the business is not good, it can affect the number of absenteeism and punctuality. This means that if Coca Cola had a hard and unfriendly culture it can force their staff not to come to work because they might be picked on every day by other staff members, or they might not like the work they are given so they either come in late or take a day of work. This would result in the business losing out on work, and have less time to call in for a replacement. The culture of Coca Cola could have an affect on industrial relations, between managers and workers. So if Coca Cola didnt have a warm and genial culture it would cause more disagreements between staff and managers and staff would not be motivated to work, for example, staff may have to cut down on rest days, this could cause arguments as all staff would be tired from working everyday and would not have time to recover or spend it with their family. However, if the company had a warm culture then the managers and staff would get very well as staff would have less stress to compete with and would have a friendly environment to work in without having someone constantly shout out at staff. Advertisement

Bam Bamphysics free essay sample

Explain why the antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. The antibodies are specific to the antigen they destroy. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in the ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate and turns the solution blue. 3. Disease samples from two patients are collected and subjected to serial dilutions before running an ELISA.What does it mean if a disease can be detected in samples from one person at a dilution of 1/5 and in another patient at a dilution of 1/100? One patient has a higher concentration of antigens. 4. Describe a situation that illustrates why it is a good idea to complete the ELISA assay in triplicate? Repetition allows better precision of results. 5. Why do you think college students living in dorms are often populations who see the meningitis outbreaks? It spreads due to the dense population of dorms on campus. We will write a custom essay sample on Bam Bamphysics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6. How did the ELISA data allow you to track the path of the infection at the college?Using test results from patients, ELISA’s database allows you to confirm the spreading of the infection. 7. Discuss the limitations of using the antigen concentration to deduce the path of the infection. Be sure to refer to the workings of the human immune system. Overusing the antigen concentration can shut down your immune system and make your current state worse because of the virus. Your immune system may reject the antigen concentration and that won’t be good at all! 8. Using the information about how you completed this ELISA experiment, outline a procedure for testing for antibodies in the blood.Provide blood samples into separate wells. Inject a protein base into the wells. Add a primary antibody and provide a wash. Add the secondary antibody, then wash. Finally input an enzyme and extract observations whether it oxidizes. If it does, then the sample is positive for that antibody, linked to a specific disease. 9. Explain why in the sudden outbreaks, it may be better to test for disease antigens rather than for antibodies. Antigens are specific markers that initiate the antibodies. Therefore, antigens will have a higher initiative for marking the disease.

Why I like Rimowa suitcases Essays

Why I like Rimowa suitcases Essays Why I like Rimowa suitcases Paper Why I like Rimowa suitcases Paper Many people love traveling, and there are many fabulous moments in their travel. When you go traveling, you must bring your luggage or suitcase. The suitcase will be your best friend to protect your things and to share the memories from your trips. I think that one of best suitcase brands for me is Rimowa. The reason why this brand became so popular is not because many people were using Rimowa, or many magazines showed photos about famous celebrities using Rimowa. In my opinion, the reasons are because of Rimowa’s fabulous design, practicality, and good warranty. As with most of famous brands, Rimowa has a long history. Rimowa has over 100 years of experience in making suitcases. Rimowa’s first suitcase was made by Paul Morszeck in Germany, and it was made from wood. In 1950, Rimowa created the main feature of the ribbing style. Even now over seventy years later, it’s still the classic design. In other words, Rimowa knows how to make good baggage. Why is the experience so important? I believe people are dedicated to work for a long time, and they will learn how to become a professional in their careers. Rimowa has focused on making luggage for over one century. They know what their customers need and how to make suitcases for superior do the competition. For example, my uncle has been a Chinese cook for thirty years, and all of his family members have been cooks back to his grandfather, so he knows how to cook Chinese food very well. People have different tastes, but my uncle can satisfy them. Not only is his food is tasty but also healthy. Those are some reasons why everyone likes to go to his restaurant. This is the same for Rimowa. People who travel a lot have to put everything they need into a suitcase. This company knows customers need good-looking luggage that is also practical. Rimowa’s suitcases are light, stable, waterproof, cold-resistant, and heat-resistant. The weight of Rimowa suitcases are very light so you can put more item, and they are also sturdy. In 1937, Richard Morszeck created the first aluminum suitcase. At first, aluminum was used to build German airplanes. This material makes suitcases lighter and more rugged. We can carry many more things and dont need to worry about damaged suitcases. The new Rimowa suitcases are made of new materials such as polycarbonate and aluminum-magnesium alloy. Some features of the two materials they are lightweight, stable, high tolerance for temperature and are waterproof. Wherever you go traveling, you just need Rimowa luggage. You dont need to worry about your suitcases getting wet on a rainy day, airport staff throwing around it, and the temperature changing too fast. For instance, my dad has to go on business trips many times a year. He doesnt have time to leave his suitcases at the hotel, so he just visits his clients with them. He went to Thailand last time, and it was the rainy season. His business partner’s suitcases were totally wet, and their clothes in the suitcases were also wet. How about my dad? His Rimowa suitcase protected his stuff, so he didn’t get in any trouble. Although Rimowa suitcases have many advantages that make it better than other luggage brands, the best advantage is that Rimowa gives customers a five year warranty. Many other labels just give a two year warranty. The first thing I consider before I purchase items is warranty. I am a terrible and unlucky person because I always buy the defective product and I dont know it at the time of purchase. A good warranty for me is necessary. My suitcases’ job is to protect my stuff and my job is to keep my travel items in good condition. Sometimes it is unavoidable that able a suitcase breaks, so who knows what will happen? In conclusion, Rimowa makes a fashion suitcase that also can bear cold, heat, bumps, and water. Some people may say Rimowa is just a suitcase, but it’s not only a suitcase for me. It’s a suitcase with a long history that can carry my memories about with high technology, fashion, and usefulness. As Rimowa’s slogan says, â€Å"Every case tells a story†. My case tells my own story. Citation http://newdesignmethod.blogspot.com/2011/02/b9830003rimowa.html

HSBC Bank (employee mistakes) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

HSBC Bank (employee mistakes) - Research Paper Example Major flaws of the employees that have to do with customer relations were examined. For instance the research tested the various ways in which the availability of training facilities would help in equipping the employee with up-to-date knowledge on how to relate to the customer in a manner that would motivate the customer to come back for more services (Heppner, Kivlighan, Jr., & Wampold, 1999). The effect of employee stress on the rate of delivery and general productivity rate to meet the demands of customers were also examined as well as the role of organizational systems in ensuring that the right platforms are created to check the conduct and behave of employees to towards customers. By and large, it was concluded that HSBC is currently faced with avoidable losses as a result of common mistakes committed by employees and these mistakes come about as a result of low training for employees and high levels of stress. The company is however in a position to changing the trend by incr easing motivation and training for employees. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background Officially, the company that is commonly referred to as HSBC is known and registered as HSBC Holdings plc. HSBC Holdings plc is a British company with headquarters in London; whose major line of business is channeled at banking and financial service provision. This means that HSBC Holdings Plc is a financial organization who has other major companies in the same industry of finance as competitors. The company is touted as an international company with branches spread across the globe. There is a heavy representation of the company in major global economic destinations including Hong Kong, The United States of America, Mexico, Brazil and France. With such branches the company is known to offer prudent financial assistance to â€Å"over 50 million people worldwide to manage and save for their futures with a complete range of personal financial products† (HSBC, 2012). One of the highly commendable stan ds that the company has made over the years is that it has taken advantage of the globalization phenomenon to reach out to even more people who do not have the presence of the company in their countries. With such services such as online banking and online transfer services attached to the regular banking operations, HSBC was rated as the second largest banking and financial service company in the world (Kerlinger, 2006). It was also said that HSBC was the second largest company in public service delivery (LaFountain & Bartos, 2002). All these have been made possible by the 7,200 offices owned by the company in 85 countries with major listing on the London Stock Exchange and secondary listing in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and the Bermuda Stock Exchange. On the London Stock Exchange alone, the official 2011 market capital of the company was quoted as ?87.4 billion (Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1991). This such a performance, there remains one thing left for the comp any to do and this is to maintain its statuesque or even think of making it better. 1.2 Problem Statement As the world continues to experience very huge competition in the financial sector with a strive to make good of the recovery of the present global economic recession, this research is seeking to examine the effect of training facilities, employee stress and organizational systems on the number of mistakes made by employees of HSBC and

Discuss the economic and demographic arguments for and against new Essay

Discuss the economic and demographic arguments for and against new labour migration - Essay Example Population characteristics of UK and its economic implications UK is among the developed western continents. Majority of the people in UK are old aged as the lifespan is longer, but this reduces the population growth rate because the aged are not within the productive age brackets. Economically, these people are not strong enough to provide workforce needed in economic building (Borjas 2000; Kupiszewski, 2012). Additionally, due to their age, there is no possibility of young generation to replace them in the work environment (Lisiankova and Wright, 2005). This population structure poses a threat to both population structure and economic condition of the country. To address this condition, several procedures have been formulated. One of the measures includes encouraging labor immigration. Need for immigration Given the scenario of UK population challenges, analysts and economists would raise question to find out whether UK requires immigrants or there are other options that can be fol lowed. By understanding the need for immigrants, it will be easier to formulate appropriate policies to be used (Borjas 2000). Currently, UK migration is characterized by the two types, international and domestic migration. Labor immigration has great effects in the UK’s economy and population. ... This is to ensure the adverse effects of immigration are addressed now and in future (Borjas 2000; Great Britain, 2012). UK countries need to remain pro active in policy making in regard to immigration and future labor market situation. In economics, philosophers have concluded that through migration everybody benefits. The countries receiving employees benefit through reducing the labor shortage and produce low cost products. Countries, from which the people come from, reduce the rate of unemployment while the workers in the foreign land benefit. From the above theory, it can be noted that it is true, but these benefits are only in the short run; in long run, migration cost is huge. Countries getting foreign workers endanger their citizen job security. The native employees in firms may be fired to recruit cheap workers from foreign countries. This is so in nations with labor market which inflexible (Borjas 2000). It is therefore important to check on the flexibility of labor market before formulating policies that encourage immigration. Immigrants find themselves trading off their rights for wealth creation in other countries. The immigrants are exposed to high chances of being exploited in the foreign countries. Merits of Immigration Creation mobility of job - Immigration leads to establishment of new jobs because of economic growth and enhancement of job mobility. In 18th to 20th century, over one third of UK’s population growth, moved to other countries, but this was not sustained for long. In 21st century, largest increase in population is due to immigration. It is important for any country to control the movement of people across the borders. Migration has effects on both demographics and economic performance of a country. Demographics

Brand Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brand Journal - Research Paper Example This paper identifies the companies that my brand would like to partner with, and how it fits into the culture of these companies, and their brand positions. Evolution of the Brand: The first step in the evolution process is the determination of the brands core values and principles. For example, the brand managers of Hazwan must identify the various core values and principles of the company. For instance, the company believes in honesty, transparency and integrity while dealing with its customers. This is an aspect referred to as brand definition. Brand definition does not just involve the identification of the values and principles of the company; it also involves the identification of the products of the company. This is because brand managers cannot create a logo without identifying what the company produces. It is important to denote that logos represent the identity of a particular brand. Brand managers therefore must create logos that depict some aspects of transparency, integ rity and honesty. For instance, they can use the picture of a dove in their logo. A dove normally symbolizes purity, and these values of the company are elements of purity. Once the company has a logo, the next step is to introduce the logo to the partners of the business. This includes employees and its customers. The best method to use is the social media. The social media has millions and millions of users in a day. Posting the logo on the internet, and receiving feedbacks on its design is a sure way of building the brand name of the organization (Ferrara, 2012). This is because people will identify with the logo, and what it represents, as a result, identify with the company. Brand managers can also use the print media and the television to advertise their new logo. The print media has the capability of reaching a wide audience, and as such, the prospective customers of the organization might learn of its existence. Finally, the next procedure is to build relationships with the target market of its products. The brand managers will have to market the software product of Hazwan, and it can do this through the social media, the print media, televisions, and posters. Creating a relationship with the target market will also involve explaining how the software will satisfy the various needs of the organization. For example, Hazwan software’s enhance the speed of computers. It is important to denote that users are always motivated by the speed of the computers that they use. A computer which is fast will generate higher sales. On this basis, it is the interest of companies to generate high profits by increasing their market share. On this note, Hazwan software’s will satisfy such kind of need. The brand managers will therefore use this capability of the software, to create a positive relationship with its target customers. Short Term Achievements: One of the short term goals of the Hazwan brand is to attract highly talented computer programmers and software developers to work in the organization. The company aims to achieve this objective by offering high remuneration packages, amongst other benefits. This benefit includes housing allowances, transportation allowance, and an option to develop further their skills by improving on their academic and professional qualification (Ferrara, 2012). These measures will not only attract some of the best computer

Cognitive And Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Borderline Personality Disorder Nursing Essay

Cognitive And Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Borderline Personality Disorder Nursing Essay AIM: To give a brief history of Borderline Personality Disorder and research the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy. Method: A review of the literature and review of controlled trials and uncontrolled trials. Conclusion: In the management of Borderline Personality Disorder, there are many problems to consider, out of these problems self-harm and suicidal tendencies are considered the most important to treat. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Despite the many treatment options for people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), many professionals in mental health services continue to believe that personality disorders are untreatable. This essay provides evidence the effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) with Borderline Personality Disorder. Background To understand BPD, I will attempt to give a historical overview of BPD. Philippe Pinel in the 1800s, first described people who engage in deviant behaviour, but with no signs of thought disorder such as hallucinations or delusions as mania without delirium or in French manie sans delire (Friedel, 2004). Although the meaning of the term has changed through many writings on the subject over time, the writing of Cleckley and his use of the label psychopath in The Mask of Sanity brought the term into accepted usage (Meloy, 1998). The Mask of Sanity is a book written by Hervey Cleckley first published in 1941; he gave the most significant clinical description of psychopathy in the 20th century. An expanded edition of the book was published in 1982, when the name was changed from psychopathy to Personality Disorder. In 1972, newer editions of the book reflected a closer alliance with Kernbergss (1984) borderline level of personality organization, in particular defining the structural criteria of the psychopaths identity integration, defensive operations and re ality testing. The diagnosis borderline was introduced in the 1930s to label patients with problems that seemed to fall somewhere in between neurosis and psychosis (Stern, 1938). Adolph Stern a psychoanalyst described the symptoms, which are now considered to be the criteria of BPD. He suggested the possible causes and what he thought the most successful psychotherapy treatments were. He renamed the disorder, by referring to patients with symptoms as the borderline group (Friedel, 2004). In 1940, the psychoanalyst Robert Knight introduced his explanation theory of borderline disorder. Ego or sense of self psychology deals with mental function, which allows us to effectively combine our thoughts and to develop helpful responses to our life around us. He stated that people with BPD have impairments in a lot of of these functions, and he referred to them as borderline states (Friedel 2004). The next important input was made by the psychoanalyst Otto Kernberg (1967); he introduced the term borderline personality organisation. He proposed that mental disorders were determined by three distinctive personality organisations: psychotic, neurotic and borderline personality. Kernberg has been a strong promoter of modified psychoanalytic therapy for patients with borderline disorder (Friedel 2004). The first research on BPD was published by Roy Grinker in 1968, which he called Borderline Syndrome (Friedel 2004). The next major article was published in 1975 by Gunderson and Singer. They defined the major characteristics of BPD. Gunderson then went on to publish a research instrument to enable an accurate diagnosis. Internationally researchers were then able to verify the validity and integrity of BPD (Friedel, 2004). This followed with BPD becoming a genuine psychiatric diagnosis and appeared in the DSM-111 in 1980. Personality disorder categories are not firmly grounded in theory, nor are they empirically based (Livesley, 1998). Some critics say that personality disorder categories are so flawed that the best option is to abolish them and start afresh, but most pragmatists recognise that so much has been invested in them that they are very likely here to stay (Blackburn 2000a; Livesley, 1998). The Nice Guidelines for Personality Disorder (2009) state that borderline personality disorder is associated with significant impairment, especially in relation to the capacity to sustain stable relationships as a result of personal and emotional instability (NICE 2009). The severity of the symptoms, are related to the severity of the individuals personal/social situations. Stone (1993) argues that some people with BPD can still function at high levels in their lives and careers. Paris (1994) stated that about one-third of patients with BPD reported severe abuse involving an incestuous perpetrator; about one-third reported milder forms of abuse; and about one-third do not report abuse. Personality disorders are common conditions; studies indicate prevalence of 10-13% of the adult population in the community and are more common among younger age groups (24-44 yrs) and equally distributed between males and females. However, the sex ratio for specific types of personality disorder is variable e.g. antisocial personality disorder is more common among males, and borderline personality disorder more common amongst females (DOH 2003). Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) can be seen as an umbrella term for many different therapies that share some common elements. The earliest form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy was developed by Albert Ellis in the early 1950s. Aaron T.Beck independently developed another CBT approach, called Cognitive Therapy, in the 1960s. Cognitive Therapy rapidly became a favorite intervention to study in psychotherapy research in academic settings. In initial studies, it was often contrasted with behavioral treatments to see which was most effective. However, in recent years, cognitive and behavioral techniques have often been combined into cognitive behavioral treatment. This is arguably the primary type of psychological treatment being studied in research today. One specific form of cognitive-behavioural therapy is dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), a broad-based, cognitive-behavioural programme developed specifically to reduce self-harm in women with borderline personality disorders (Linehan, 1993a; Linehan 1993b). Recent research has shown that dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is one of the first therapies that have demonstrated to be effective for treating borderline personality disorder as well as being effective in treating people who display varied symptoms and behaviours associated with mood disorders, including self-harm. DBT combines standard cognitive-behavioural techniques for emotion regulation and reality-testing with concepts of mindful-awareness, distress tolerance, and acceptance. 1.2 Rationale As a mental health nurse coming from a forensic background, I have experience of working with clients with personality disorder. I feel that by getting more of an understanding of CBT interventions, it will make a huge difference to my future practice in the future. McKenna et al (1999) state that it is unacceptable for health care not to be based on sound evidence of its effectiveness, and back up their practice with research-based evidence (NMC, 2008) to ensure effective clinical practice. Often nurses find it frustrating working with disorders of personality. These clients can be manipulative, socially inappropriate and difficult, for these reasons, such clients need all the patience and skills nurses have to offer. But despite this service in the NHS, services have been varied and inconsistent (DoH, 2003). Besides functional impairment and emotional distress, borderline personality disorder is also associated with significant financial costs to the healthcare system, social servi ces and the wider society (NICE 2009). 1.3 Aims and objectives The aims and objectives of this project are to review the evidence on the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy with people who have Borderline Personality. 1.4 Methodology and parameters This literature review was conducted using the following resources Electronic databases: Cochrane library, CINHAL, Medline, Psychinfo, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences and Academic Search Premier Key journals were hand searched: British Journal of Psychiatry, Journal of Personality Disorders, Mental Health Practice, Journal of Personality and Mental Health University and Trust libraries Google Google scholar The following types of literature were sought and reviewed where available Randomised control trials Systematic and structured review Quantitative and Qualitative research studies Position statements/guidelines from professional bodies Government policies (NICE (2009), NSF (1999) Text Books Inclusion and exclusion criteria Eligibility for this review was determined by the following criteria: à ¢-  Participants: adults with BPD (diagnosed according to DSM-III/DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10 criteria for BPD), with or without co-morbidity. à ¢-  Intervention: psychological therapies, including CBT, DBT à ¢-  Comparators: CBT/DBT or treatment as usual à ¢-  Outcomes: self-harm, suicide, interpersonal and social functioning à ¢-  Study type: published papers were assessed according to the accepted hierarchy of evidence, whereby systematic reviews of RCTs are taken to be the most authoritative forms of evidence, with uncontrolled observational studies the least authoritative. à ¢-  Exclusion criteria: papers on personality disorder without separate BPD subgroup analyses. The studies were obtained through a number of sources, as above. Searches were performed by entering the key words Borderline Personality Disorder, Cognitive behaviour therapy into several databases, which yielded many secondary references of current best evidence. Search filters developed consisted of a combination of subject headings. The topic-specific filters were combined with appropriate research design filters developed for systematic reviews, RCTs and other appropriate research designs. These articles were selected after careful reading of the title and abstract to identify the most useful. I then limited my search to full articles which made my search a lot easier. The definitive text that will be used to aid my search will be NICE Clinical Guidelines for Personality disorder 78. This guideline makes recommendations for the treatment and management of borderline personality disorder in adults and young people (under the age of 18) who meet criteria for the diagnosis in prim ary, secondary and tertiary care (NICE, 2009). BPD is present in 1% of the population, and is most frequent in early adulthood. Women present to services more often than men. BPD is not often formally diagnosed before the age of 18, but the features of the disorder can be identified earlier. Its path is changeable but many people do recover (NICE 2009). This search will comprise both British and international articles. When choosing which articles were going to be relevant, I found it impossible to ignore the amount of articles I had on DBT and as DBT was evolved from CBT and made specifically for BPD, I decided to bring it into my research project. The articles are mixed quantitative and qualitative research. The qualitative means of gathering subjective data is centred on an individuals experience, beliefs, empowerment and quality of care and does not solely concentrate on clinical outcomes for the individual. One could argue that this is the most appropriate aspect of research for mental health nurses as mental illness is individual for each person involved in the process and although BPD is not a mental illness. The National Service Framework for adult mental health sets out our responsibilities to offer evidence based, effective services for all those with severe mental illness, including people with personality disorder who experience significant distress or difficulty (NIMH 2003). While these can be misconceived as an easy option form of research, qualitative research offers rich, reflective and exhaustive data that is invaluable and has a profound contribution to make to take to practice. The qualitative evidence was lim ited with regards to the treatments reviewed, with an emphasis on DBT. Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and rigorous statistical process for generating information about the world (Burns Grove 1999), whereby the researcher would gather a range of numerical data in order to answer the research question, or prove, disprove a hypothesis (Parahoo 2006). Philosophies or schools of thought in research are called paradigms (Parahoo 2006). One such paradigm is positivism. Parahoo (2006) asserts that positivism relies on observations by the human senses to create fact (empiricism), and believe in the unity of science, and the notion of cause and effect (determinism). The positivist researcher will endeavour to test a hypothesis or theory using the deductive process of a course of experiments. This paradigm utilises a quantitative approach in its research methods. For the positivists, quantitative research is believed to provide hard evidence and objective fact that can provide knowledge on which to base best practice (Parahoo 2006). Efficacy studies focus on the usefulness of a specific helping methodology for a particular kind of problem. Comparisons are made between the methodology in question and some other methodology between clients with some disorder who do receive the treatment and those who do not or between two different methodologies for treating the same disorder. These studies are carried out under controlled conditions. Many of the studies are well designed and demonstrate efficacy. In a healthcare context, efficacy indicates the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention. Chapter 2 The Literature Review Having undertaken a critical review of the literature, I have come to explore a number of issues which I feel necessary to consider, key themes emerging from this literature review are the impact of CBT DBT on suicidal behaviours, the impact of CBT DBT on self-harming behaviours, and the impact of CBT DBT on engagement. This chapter sets out to explore these themes in more detail. On the whole the most suitable research design to answer this is the Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT); hence the evidence base reviewed include accessible RCTs undertaken in those with a diagnosis of BPD (NICE, 2009). The causes of BPD are complicated and remain uncertain. Contributing factors may include an inherited vulnerability, a particular temperament, early life experiences and, in subtle neurological or hormonal disturbances (NICE 2009). NICE (2009) state that the history of specific psychological interventions designed to help people with borderline personality disorder is intertwined with changing conceptions of the nature of the disorder itself. Swartz (1990) wrote that BPD is more common among drug and alcohol users. And within these dependents there will be more women diagnosed than men. Zanarini (1998) also adds that the disorder is more common in those with eating disorders, and also among people with self-harming behaviours (Linehan et al., 1991) 2.1 Defining Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy NICE (2009) define CBT as a structured psychological treatment that focuses on helping a person make connections between their thoughts, feelings and behaviour. Originally CBT was used as a treatment for depression which has now been modified to treat BPD. CBT focuses on altering the thoughts, emotions, and behaviours of patients by teaching them skills to challenge and modify beliefs, to engage in experimental reality testing, and to develop better coping strategies. The goals of these interventions are to reduce the delusional beliefs, and consequently their severity, and to encourage effective coping and decreasing distress. This essay will attempt to assess the contribution of CBT and the disorder by discussing reviews on effectiveness. CBT for BPD was developed with the idea that people with BPD have learned distorted beliefs and thoughts overtime. Distressing emotional responses and behaviours develop as a result. Beck Freeman (1990) outlined such beliefs, relating to dependen cy, distrust, and rigid perceptions. The distorted thoughts are modified by monitoring,  analysis and questioning.   Davidson (2000), adds that particular attention should be paid to the problems that can disrupt therapy, and so disrupt the therapeutic relationship (NICE, 2009), such as non-engagement, loss of structure, losing focus and lack of compliance. CBT for BPD attempts to create change by improving the attitude of the patient toward treatment, the enhancement of specific skills, and the reduction of hopelessness (Friedel, 2004). The therapist and patient will construct a list of problem areas. A set of tasks will be developed that will generate and reinforce new attitudes and behaviours, which will replace the old attitudes and behaviors that have caused problems in the past. Within the past 15 years, another, newer psychosocial treatment termed Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) was developed. DBT joins standard cognitive behavioural techniques with acceptance based strategies, as well as strategies designed to keep the therapy balanced between change and acceptance (dialectical strategies). Marsha M. Linehan, a psychologist from the University of Washington in Seattle, developed DBT specifically for people with BPD, especially those who engage in self-destructive and self-injurious behaviours. DBT is based on the belief that the symptoms of BPD result from organic impairments in the brain that control emotional responses. The early behavioural effects of this impairment are exaggerated, as the person with this biological risk factor interacts with people who do not validate their emotional pain and dont help them learn effective coping skills. DBT has gained significant support in the treatment of BPD because of the results it has achieved in several r esearch studies. It has been shown that DBT can be taught to and used by many, but not all, mental health professionals. For the time being this seriously restricts the use of this helpful treatment approach. DBT seeks to validate feelings and problems, but it balances this acceptance by gently pushing to make productive changes. DBT also deals with other opposing or dialectical tensions or conflicts that arise, such as the patients perceived need for a high level of dependence on the therapists, and the fear and guilt aroused by such extreme dependency. DBT combines both cognitive and behavioural techniques and designed specifically to treat BPD. It is a combination of individual psychotherapy and psychosocial skills training that has been shown via controlled clinical trial to be effective in treating individuals with BPD (Linehan, 1993b). One of the most limiting factors of treating and delivering therapies is that there is not enough staff in the NHS trained to a high standard ( NICE 2009). Cunningham (2004) interviewed fourteen women with BPD to discover why and how DBT is effective. The women were provided with tools to help them deal with their problems and so enabled them to to see the disorder as a controllable part of themselves rather than something that controlled them (NICE, 2009). Cunningham (2004) found that although their problems did not disappear, they became more manageable. It also seemed to have encouraging results on their relationship interactions, and, in addition DBT instilled hope and an ability to try to live independently (NICE, 2009) 2.2 Suicidal acts NICE (2009) define suicidal acts as, deliberate; life threatening; resulted in medical attention; medical assessment consistent with suicide attempt. The main problem staff face in managing BPD is suicidal behaviour (Paris Zweig-Frank, 2001). There is also an association between BPD and depression (Skodol et al., 1999; Zanarini et al, 1998), and Solof (2000) adds that the combination of the two disorders increases the number of suicide attempts. People with BPD possibly will take part in a number of negative and reckless behaviours including self-harm, eating disorders and substance misuse. Self-harming in BPD has different meanings to each individual, including relief from feelings and distress, such anger, or to reconnect with feelings after episodes of emptiness (NICE, 2009). Because of the high occurrence of self-harm, the risk of suicide is higher (Cheng et al, 1997), with 60-70% of patients with BPD making suicide attempts at some point in their lives (Oldham, 2006), however, unsuccessful attempts are far more common and the actual rate of completed suicides is estimated at between 8-10%. A specific therapy for BPD, DBT tak es a behavioural approach to self-harm and suicidal acts that include skills training in emotional regulation and validation of client experience (NICE, 2009). Cognitive-behavioural therapy along the lines of Beck, Freeman, Associates (1990) has been investigated in at least two uncontrolled trials. Brown, Newman, Charlesworth, and Chrits-Cristoph (2003) found significant decreases on suicide ideation, hopelessness, depression, number of BPD symptoms, and dysfunctional beliefs after 1 year of cognitive-behavioural therapy for suicidal or self-mutilating patients with BPD. Results were maintained at a 6 months follow-up. Effect sizes were moderate (0.22-0.55). Dropout rate was 9.4%. Arntz (1999a) found positive effects of long-lasting cognitive-behavioural therapy in a mixed sample of personality disorders, including 6 patients with BPD. Two patients with BPD dropped out prematurely, but the other four attained good results. Linehan et al (1991) conducted a randomised controlled trial using 44 chronically parasuicidal women with BPD to assess the effectiveness of DBT. Among the two groups, there was very little difference between measures of depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Overall the group which received DBT had an average of 8.46 inpatient days compared to the controlled group which had 38.86 days. A naturalistic follow up review was conducted on 39 on the women one year later, to determine the effects of DBT. The women that had completed the DBT course had fewer parasuicidal episodes, but after 18-24 months there were no significant differences between the two groups, although psychiatric inpatient days were still lower for the DBT group. Rathus et al. (2002) went on to conduct a study with a group of 111 suicidal teenagers. 29 were assigned to DBT, while the other 82 had treatment as usual (TAU). It is worth mentioning that the DBT group had far more severe symptoms pre-treatment. The study therefore was not randomised. During the 12 week treatment, the DBT group had fewer inpatient hospitalisations, although the number of suicide attempts made during the treatment did not differ between the groups, but, the attendance and completion was higher in the DBT group. A smaller case study was conducted by Hengeveld et al (1996); he reported of 9 female patients who were given a 10 week course of CBT, they had all attempted suicide at least twice. Of the 9 women, four of those were diagnosed with BPD. Following up the women 10 months later, by phone or examining medical records, all four BPD patients had reports of further suicide attempts (NICE, 2009). Linehan et al. (2006) conducted a one-year randomized controlled trial with one year of post-treatment follow up. The objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that unique aspects of DBT are more efficacious compared to treatment offered by non-behavioural psychotherapy experts. The study included 101 female participants with recent suicidal and self-injurious behaviours that met DSM-IV criteria. The subjects who received DBT were half as likely to make a suicide attempt. 2.3 Self-harm NICE guidelines (2009) use the definition that self-harm is self-poisoning or self-injury, irrespective of the apparent purpose of the act. Self-harm BPD is connected with a range of diverse meanings for the individual, including release from distress and feelings, such as emptiness and anger, and to reconnect with feelings after an episode of dissociation (NICE, 2009). There have been positive attitudes from patients about DBT, as it has helped improve their ability to control their emotions, improves their relationships and significantly reduces the occurrence of self-harm (NICE, 2009). In a large sample, Tyrer et al (2003) found that CBT was equivalent to TAU for the treatment of recurrent self-harm and noted that this method was less effective for patients with BPD. In an uncontrolled study by Brown (2004), patients with BPD with self-harming tendencies received CBT over 12 months; they then stayed in contact with them by phone over the next 6 months. Therapists were on call to emergency phone calls throughout. A randomised controlled study by Verheul et al (2003) was carried out to compare DBT with TAU for patients with BPD, 58 women received treatment for a year were randomised to DBT or TAU. The results: the 12 month attrition rate (37%) for DBT was substantially lower, compared to TAU (77%); DBT treatment also resulted in a large reduction of self-harming behaviours than TAU. A follow up review of this study was carried out by Van den Bosch et al (2005), to ascertain whether the previous results were continued over the following 6 months. It was discovered that the benefits of DBT after the treatment were sustained, and levels of self-harm were lower. It must be said, however, that the definitions of self-harm were all slightly different in each of the RCTs, this can make it very difficult to compare results (NICE, 2009). Another case study series by Alper (2001), presents data on 15 women in a forensic setting, with a diagnosis of BPD. Nurses in the hospital carried out the DBT, and over 4 weeks there was a significant reduction in the occurrence of self-harm. Alper (2001) also carried out qualitative interviews with the nurses to describe how they felt about the treatment, they were all very positive. Bateman Tryer (2004) state that the extensive implementation of DBT is a acknowledgment of its founder, Marsha Linehan, with its mixture of acceptance and change, skills training, manualisation, and an opinion that is willing to embrace this comprehensive approach (NICE, 2009). The evidence strength though, is not justified, however (Tyrer, 2002b), and answers about the long-term success of this therapy as a treatment for BPD are premature. In view of the fact that the original trial, which was handicapped by many methodological limitations, there has only been one study that supports the findings clearly, which was that of Verheul et al (2003) (NICE, 2009). 2.4 Non-engagement For effective treatment, commitment to therapy is required, and research shows that fewer people drop out of DBT than other therapies (Verheul et al 2003) Haigh (2003) interviewed service users and according to them the services could be improved if staff recognised and accepted that BPD can be treated; they felt a more positive experience at their preliminary referral would aid further engagement with services; therapeutic relationship endings were dealt with effectively; and when signs of improvement are observed, services should not be removed immediately, as this tends to raise anxiety and discourage future progression (NICE, 2009). Hodgetts et al (2007) studied five people with BPD. The participants were told that DBT was the only treatment for BPD. This raised expectations and anxieties in the service users. Some preferred the structure of DBT, but others would have preferred a more flexible treatment that is adjusted to each individuals needs. Service users each felt differently about individual therapy and group therapy. One participant dropped out of therapy as she found the challenges too much to deal with. The same lady reported that she was turned away from the crisis team as she was already involved in the DBT group; this was another reason for her departure. All of the participants in this study found that the therapeutic relationship is essential, also they appreciated the importance of collaborative working and sharing their experiences (NICE, 2009). Other studies have reported quite high drop out rates from CBT, for example up to 37% (Verheul et al, 2003). It is probable that some patients did not engage because they did not find the therapy useful, but ratings from patients who had at least five sessions of CBT suggest that both the patients and therapists view the experience of therapy to have been a positive one. Even so, some patients simply did not attend. Chapter 3 Discussion and Conclusion This research project has tried to look at research evidence on the efficacy CBT and DBT in the management of Borderline Personality Disorder. This work has been done using the NICE Guideline (2009) as the definitive text. This is because this guideline is main reference document in clinical practice. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of the most challenging entities for todays therapist; in fact, this category originated as a repository for patients who fail to improve with ordinary treatment methods and whose particular pathology is most likely to provoke a negative emotional reaction in the therapist. Comfort and effectiveness in the treatment of BPD implies mastery both of ones own emotions and of therapeutic techniques in general. It is not realistic to expect success in every case, and successful treatments are usually long and stormy. Because the BPD diagnosis have common characteristics with schizophrenia, psychoses, anxiety and depression, Gunderson (2001) believes it to be a wastebasket diagnosis, which lacks diagnostic accuracy and strength, and so would only be useful to service users that did not fall into other diagnostic types. It is thought that BPD has responded badly to the treatments, and a lot of health professionals also unfortunately, believe this to be true (Friedel 2004). It seems that overall the non-RCT outcomes suggest that individual therapies are more suitable to people with BPD. Positive outcomes were shown generally, these need to be compared to the RCTs before definite conclusions can be made (NICE, 2009). It seems that the evidence base is fairly poor for therapies of BPD, the studies are minimal, the number of patients are low and the outcomes too numerous, with very little commonalities between studies (NICE, 2009) Giesen-Bloo et al (2006) are critical of DBT, stating that it fails to reduce core symptoms related to deeper personality change. The most difficult problem is that DBT is resource-intensive and expensive. Where it is available, there are usually long waiting lists. However, DBT is the treatment of choice for individuals experiencing severe impulse and self-harming behaviours. 3.1 Strengths and limitations of the review Having never done a substantial piece of work before, I did not realise the amount of work required to achieve it. I was aware of how to narrow down a search, which was needed due to vast amount of information available, but the confusion came as I particularly wanted to look at standard CBT for BPD, which very little research has been done. There was far more research for DBT, and so I decided I would explore this t